Purpose of the Review

The aim of the review was to better understand the impacts of the dominant harvesting systems in Europe, namely harvester-forwarder (HFW), chainsaw-skidder (CSK), and chainsaw-cable yarder (CCY). Furthermore, we aimed to learn how the impact categories environment, economy, ergonomics, people and society, and quality optimization are related to the European biogeographical regions Boreal, Continental, Alpine, and Mediterranean forests. Based on this, key drivers for the future development of forest operations were identified. It was specifically not the aim to develop models through the outcome of this study.

Recent Findings

HFW harvesting systems dominate in Boreal (99%) and Continental forests (72%). In Alpine forests the most relevant, even when not dominant, harvesting system is CCY (47%). CSK harvesting systems are applied in all biogeographical regions, with a focus on Mediterranean (70%), Alpine (50%) and Continental (22%) forests. Major drivers for harvesting system development were identified: (i) increased environmental constraints, (ii) increased complexity of harvesting caused by an increasing area of mixed-forest stands, (iii) increased resource efficiency fostered by a growing demand for wood products, (iv) a reduced available work force resulting from heightened competition for skilled worker and an aging population, and (v) more transparent work and material flows through the introduction of digitalization.

Summary

A literature review from 110 journal articles and 975 datasets from four biogeographical regions in Europe, specifically from Estonia, Germany, Spain and Switzerland was performed. Most of the reviewed papers included information about economic or environmental impacts, while ergonomics, quality optimization and societal aspects were less in focus. The impacts from the HFW, CSK and CCY harvesting systems were evaluated against regional conditions. Unfortunately, a common understanding of harvesting system evaluation is missing, which limits the comparability of results between different regions.

中文翻译：

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欧洲四个生物地理区域森林经营的影响：寻找未来发展的关键驱动力

 审查的目的

此次审查的目的是为了更好地了解欧洲主要收割系统的影响，即收割机集材机 ( HFW )、链锯集材机 ( CSK ) 和链锯电缆堆场机 ( CCY )。此外，我们的目的是了解环境、经济、人体工程学、人类和社会以及质量优化的影响类别与欧洲生物地理区域北方森林、大陆森林、高山森林和地中海森林的关系。在此基础上，确定了森林经营未来发展的关键驱动因素。具体来说，目的并不是通过这项研究的结果来开发模型。

 最近的发现

高频水收割系统在北方森林 (99%) 和大陆森林 (72%) 中占主导地位。在高山森林中，即使不占主导地位，最相关的采伐系统也是CCY (47%)。 CSK采伐系统应用于所有生物地理区域，重点是地中海森林 (70%)、高山森林 (50%) 和大陆森林 (22%)。确定了采伐系统发展的主要驱动因素：(i) 环境限制增加，(ii) 混交林面积增加导致采伐复杂性增加，(iii) 对木制品的需求不断增长促进资源效率提高，( iv) 由于对技术工人的竞争加剧和人口老龄化导致可用劳动力减少，以及 (v) 通过引入数字化使工作和物质流动更加透明。

 概括

对来自欧洲四个生物地理区域（特别是爱沙尼亚、德国、西班牙和瑞士）的 110 篇期刊文章和 975 个数据集进行了文献综述。大多数审阅的论文都包含有关经济或环境影响的信息，而人体工程学、质量优化和社会方面的关注较少。根据区域条件评估了HFW 、 CSK和CCY收割系统的影响。不幸的是，人们对采伐系统评估缺乏共识，这限制了不同地区之间结果的可比性。