Industrialization and urbanization have intensified land-use pressures on agroecosystems. Monitoring cultivated land use intensity (CLUI) is crucial for implementing sustainable agriculture. However, current agroecosystem management in Shandong Province lacks high-resolution CLUI information. To address this gap, this study measured and analyzed CLUI at a 1-km scale in Shandong Province from 2018 to 2022, using self-produced crop maps and the human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) framework. The spatial autocorrelation model was used to analyze the spatiotemporal pattern and aggregation characteristics of cultivated land use intensity. The influencing factors of CLUI were analyzed using the propensity score matching method, which helps reduce the interference of confounding factors. The results are as follows: (1) The wheat-maize planting pattern in Shandong Province has remained relatively stable, with a notable trend toward intensified cultivation in the western region. (2) CLUI exhibited notable spatial and temporal heterogeneity, with low and medium values predominantly located in the western region. CLUI increased from 1.13 to 1.24, exceeding the global average of 0.84. (3) CLUI showed significant spatial aggregation characteristics. In 2018, 2020, and 2022, the western region was mainly characterized by high-high and high-low types. In 2019 and 2021, it was mainly characterized by the low-low type, with less prevalence of low-high type. The center of gravity of high-high and low-high types shifted southwest, whereas that of high-low and low-low types shifted northeast. (4) Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and plastic mulch exhibited significant positive correlations with CLUI, whereas temperature and precipitation showed significant negative correlations. Favorable natural conditions can mitigate human interference, leading to lower CLUI.

中文翻译：

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2018-2022年山东省农作物制图及耕地利用强度定量评价


工业化和城市化加剧了农业生态系统的土地利用压力。监测耕地利用强度（CLUI）对于实施可持续农业至关重要。然而，山东省目前的农业生态系统管理缺乏高分辨率的CLUI信息。为了解决这一差距，本研究利用自制的农作物地图和人类净初级生产占有率（HANPP）框架，对2018年至2022年山东省1公里尺度的CLUI进行了测量和分析。利用空间自相关模型分析耕地利用强度时空格局和聚集特征。采用倾向评分匹配法对CLUI的影响因素进行分析，有利于减少混杂因素的干扰。研究结果如下：（1）山东省小麦玉米种植格局保持相对稳定，西部地区集约化种植趋势明显。 (2)CLUI表现出显着的时空异质性,低值和中值主要集中在西部地区。 CLUI从1.13上升至1.24，超过全球平均水平0.84。 (3)CLUI表现出显着的空间聚集特征。 2018年、2020年、2022年西部地区主要表现为高-高、高-低类型。 2019年和2021年以低-低型为主，低-高型发病率较少。高高、低高类型的重心向西南移动，高低、低低类型的重心向东北移动。 (4)化肥、农药、地膜与CLUI呈显着正相关，而温度、降水则呈显着负相关。有利的自然条件可以减轻人为干扰，从而降低 CLUI。