Gambling problems have consistently been linked to suicidality, including suicidal ideation, attempts, and suicide. However, the magnitude of the relationship has varied significantly across studies and the potential causal link between gambling problems and suicidality is currently unclear. A meta-analytic literature review was conducted to (a) synthesize pooled prevalence rates of suicidality among individuals with gambling problems; (b) determine if individuals with gambling problems had an increased likelihood of reporting suicidality compared to individuals without gambling problems; and (c) review evidence on causality and directionality. A search in Web of Science, APA PsycInfo, APA PsycNet, Medline, CINAHL, ProQuest, Embase, and Google Scholar electronic databases identified 107 unique studies (N = 4,691,899) that were included for review. Studies were included if they were available in any European language and provided sufficient data for the calculation of prevalence rates or effect sizes. Two researchers extracted the data independently using a predefined coding schema that included the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Random-effects meta-analyses yielded pooled prevalence rates of 31.6% (95% CI [29.1%, 34.3%]) for lifetime suicidal ideation and 13.2% (95% CI [11.3%, 15.5%]) for lifetime suicide attempts. Individuals with gambling problems had significantly increased odds of reporting lifetime suicidal ideation (OR = 2.17, 95% CI [1.90, 2.48]) and lifetime suicide attempts (OR = 2.81, 95% CI [2.23, 3.54]) compared to individuals without gambling problems. Two studies reported that individuals with pathological gambling had an increased risk of dying by suicide. Metaregression analyses suggested that the risk of study bias was positively related to the prevalence rates of suicidal ideation. Sex proportions were found to moderate the odds of suicidal ideation, but the direction of the effect was inconsistent. For suicide attempts, psychiatric comorbidity and sample size were positively and inversely, respectively, associated with prevalence rates. The synthesis indicates that suicidality is common among individuals with gambling problems and hence should be addressed by help agencies. Inferences on causality and directionality are hampered by a lack of longitudinal studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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有赌博问题的个体的自杀倾向：荟萃分析文献综述。


赌博问题一直与自杀有关，包括自杀意念、自杀企图和自杀。然而，不同研究中这种关系的程度差异很大，赌博问题与自杀之间的潜在因果关系目前尚不清楚。进行荟萃分析文献综述的目的是 (a) 综合有赌博问题的个体自杀倾向的总体患病率； (b) 确定与没有赌博问题的个人相比，有赌博问题的个人报告自杀的可能性是否增加； (c) 审查因果关系和方向性的证据。在 Web of Science、APA PsycInfo、APA PsycNet、Medline、CINAHL、ProQuest、Embase 和 Google Scholar 电子数据库中进行的搜索确定了 107 项独特的研究 (N = 4,691,899)，这些研究已纳入审查。如果研究有任何欧洲语言版本，并且为计算患病率或效应大小提供了足够的数据，则研究被纳入。两名研究人员使用预定义的编码模式独立提取数据，其中包括纽卡斯尔-渥太华质量评估量表。随机效应荟萃分析得出终生自杀意念的汇总患病率为 31.6% (95% CI [29.1%, 34.3%])，终生自杀未遂的汇总患病率为 13.2% (95% CI [11.3%, 15.5%])。与没有赌博的人相比，有赌博问题的人报告终生自杀意念（OR = 2.17，95% CI [1.90，2.48]）和终生自杀企图（OR = 2.81，95% CI [2.23，3.54]）的几率显着增加问题。两项研究报告称，患有病态赌博的人自杀死亡的风险增加。 元回归分析表明，研究偏倚风险与自杀意念的患病率呈正相关。研究发现，性别比例可以降低自杀意念的几率，但效果的方向并不一致。对于自杀未遂，精神合并症和样本量分别与患病率呈正相关和负相关。综合表明，自杀倾向在有赌博问题的个人中很常见，因此应该由帮助机构解决。由于缺乏纵向研究，对因果关系和方向性的推断受到阻碍。 （PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2024 APA，保留所有权利）。