The increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in microorganisms is a significant global health concern. Various factors contribute to AMR, including alterations in cell membrane permeability, increased efflux pump activity, enzymatic modification or inactivation of antibiotics, target site changes, alternative metabolic pathways, and biofilm formation. Marine environments, with their extensive biodiversity, provide a valuable source of natural products with a wide range of biological activities. Marine-derived antimicrobial compounds show significant potential against drug-resistant bacteria and fungi. This review discusses the current knowledge on marine natural products such as microorganisms, sponges, tunicates and mollusks with antibacterial and antifungal properties effective against drug-resistant microorganisms and their ecological roles. These natural products are classified based on their chemical structures, such as alkaloids, amino acids, peptides, polyketides, naphthoquinones, terpenoids, and polysaccharides. Although still in preclinical studies, these agents demonstrate promising in vivo efficacy, suggesting that marine sources could be pivotal in developing new drugs to combat AMR, thereby fulfilling an essential medical need. This review highlights the ongoing importance of marine biodiversity exploration for discovering potential antimicrobial agents.

中文翻译：

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海洋衍生化合物作为有效抗菌剂和抗真菌剂的最新进展：综合综述


微生物耐药性（AMR）的增加是一个重大的全球健康问题。多种因素会导致 AMR，包括细胞膜通透性的改变、外排泵活性的增加、酶促修饰或抗生素失活、靶位点变化、替代代谢途径和生物膜形成。海洋环境具有广泛的生物多样性，提供了具有广泛生物活性的天然产物的宝贵来源。海洋来源的抗菌化合物显示出对抗耐药细菌和真菌的巨大潜力。本综述讨论了目前对具有有效对抗耐药微生物的抗菌和抗真菌特性的微生物、海绵、被囊动物和软体动物等海洋天然产物及其生态作用的认识。这些天然产物根据其化学结构进行分类，如生物碱、氨基酸、肽、聚酮化合物、萘醌、萜类化合物和多糖。尽管仍处于临床前研究阶段，这些药物已表现出良好的体内功效，表明海洋来源可能在开发抗抗菌素耐药性新药方面发挥关键作用，从而满足基本的医疗需求。本综述强调了海洋生物多样性探索对于发现潜在抗菌剂的持续重要性。