Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are ectopic lymphoid structures with immunomodulatory effects that develop in chronic inflammatory conditions, including transplantation, cancer, autoimmune diseases and infections. Now, Martin Oberbarnscheidt and coauthors report that TLOs contribute to rejection of kidney allografts.

In recipients with normal secondary lymphoid tissues, the allograft survival of F1-RIP-LTα kidneys with preformed TLOs was significantly shorter than that of kidneys that did not have TLOs at the time of transplantation, suggesting that TLOs accelerate graft rejection. TLOs were present in all of the rejected allografts. Furthermore, in an acute rejection model, knockout of LTβR in donor mice prevented intragraft TLO formation and prolonged allograft survival.

第三淋巴器官（TLO）是具有免疫调节作用的异位淋巴结构，在慢性炎症条件下形成，包括移植、癌症、自身免疫性疾病和感染。现在，Martin Oberbarnscheidt 和合著者报告说，TLO 会导致同种异体肾移植物的排斥反应。

在具有正常次级淋巴组织的受者中，具有预先形成的TLO的F1-RIP-LTα肾脏的同种异体移植物存活率显着短于移植时没有TLO的肾脏，这表明TLO会加速移植物排斥。 TLO 存在于所有被拒绝的同种异体移植物中。此外，在急性排斥模型中，敲除供体小鼠中的 LTβR 可阻止移植物内 TLO 的形成并延长同种异体移植物的存活时间。