Two-component systems (TCSs) are prevalent signaling pathways in bacteria. These systems mediate phosphotransfer between histidine kinase and a response regulator, facilitating responses to diverse physical, chemical, and biological stimuli. Advancements in synthetic and structural biology have repurposed TCSs for applications in monitoring heavy metals, disease-associated biomarkers, and the production of bioproducts. However, the utility of many TCS biosensors is hindered by undesired performance due to the lack of effective engineering methods. Here, we briefly discuss the architectures and regulatory mechanisms of TCSs. We also summarize the recent advancements in TCS engineering by experimental or computational-based methods to fine-tune the biosensor functional parameters, such as response curve and specificity. Engineered TCSs have great potential in the medical, environmental, and biorefinery fields, demonstrating a crucial role in a wide area of biotechnology.

中文翻译：

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设计用于先进生物传感的双组分系统：从生物技术的架构到应用


双组分系统（TCS）是细菌中普遍存在的信号通路。这些系统介导组氨酸激酶和反应调节剂之间的磷酸转移，促进对不同物理、化学和生物刺激的反应。合成生物学和结构生物学的进步使 TCS 重新用于监测重金属、疾病相关生物标志物和生物产品生产。然而，由于缺乏有效的工程方法，许多 TCS 生物传感器的实用性受到不良性能的阻碍。在这里，我们简要讨论 TCS 的架构和监管机制。我们还通过基于实验或计算的方法总结了 TCS 工程的最新进展，以微调生物传感器的功能参数，例如响应曲线和特异性。工程 TCS 在医疗、环境和生物炼制领域具有巨大潜力，在生物技术的广泛领域中发挥着至关重要的作用。