To maximize therapeutic effects and minimize unwanted effects, the interest in drug targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi apparatus (GA) has been recently growing because two organelles are distributing hubs of cellular building/signaling components (e.g., proteins, lipids, Ca) to other organelles and the plasma membrane. Their structural or functional damages induce organelle stress (i.e., ER or GA stress), and their aggravation is strongly related to diseases (e.g., cancers, liver diseases, brain diseases). Many efforts have been developed to image (patho)physiological functions (e.g., oxidative stress, protein/lipid-related processing) and characteristics (e.g., pH, temperature, biothiols, reactive oxygen species) in the target organelles and to deliver drugs for organelle disruption using organelle-targeting moieties. Therefore, this review will overview the structure, (patho)physiological functions/characteristics, and related diseases of the organelles of interest. Future direction on ER or GA targeting will be discussed by understanding current strategies and investigations on targeting, imaging/sensing, and therapeutic systems.

中文翻译：

---

选择性地将成像探针和治疗剂递送至内质网或高尔基体：当前策略及其他策略


为了最大化治疗效果并最小化不良影响，最近人们对靶向内质网 (ER) 或高尔基体 (GA) 的药物的兴趣不断增长，因为两个细胞器是细胞构建/信号成分（例如蛋白质、脂质、 Ca) 其他细胞器和质膜。它们的结构或功能损伤诱发细胞器应激（即ER或GA应激），其加重与疾病（如癌症、肝病、脑部疾病）密切相关。人们已经做出了许多努力来成像目标细胞器中的（病理）生理功能（例如，氧化应激、蛋白质/脂质相关加工）和特征（例如，pH、温度、生物硫醇、活性氧），并为细胞器输送药物使用细胞器靶向部分进行破坏。因此，本综述将概述感兴趣的细胞器的结构、（病理）生理功能/特征以及相关疾病。通过了解靶向、成像/传感和治疗系统的当前策略和研究，将讨论 ER 或 GA 靶向的未来方向。