In sugarcane cultivation, agricultural mechanization causes soil compaction, with a consequent decrease in the yield and longevity of the sugarcane fields. Mechanized harvesting operations can promote soil compaction during the first plant cycle. The aim of this study was to identify the critical mechanized harvesting operation for soil compaction through the analysis of the field soil mechanical resistance to penetration, modelling the spatial distribution and quantifying the effects on the yield of the subsequent crop cycle. The study was conducted in an area covered by Latossolo Vermelho in the Brazilian Cerrado, and the experiment used a randomized block design with seven plots and three replicates. The plots were constructed based on the operating conditions of the following machinery: a track harvester; a tractor and three-axis trailer set; a combination of the track harvester, tractor and three-axis trailer; and maintenance, fire and convoy trucks. In addition, manual harvesting was evaluated as a reference for the soil structure and production potential. The pressures exerted on the soil by the machinery were estimated using Tyres-Tracks and Soil Compaction (TASC), and the impacts of the traffic were evaluated in two evaluation regions: the traffic lane and the planting row. The soil resistance to penetration (SRP) was measured with an automatic penetrometer. The measurements were recorded perpendicular to the traffic lane every 0.08 m at a horizontal distance of 1.52 m up to a depth of 0.50 m, with the water content in the soil profile close to the field capacity. Maps of the spatial variabilities in the SRP in the traffic lane and in the planting row were estimated via ordinary kriging and indicator kriging, respectively. The dissipation of the stresses exerted at the soil-wheel interface was confirmed by the spatial variability maps; these maps showed the high predictive capacity of the TASC tool. The fire truck generated the largest increase in the soil compaction in the traffic lane. Based on the analysis of the percentage of the affected soil profile area, the tractor and trailer dissipated the load to the restrictive values of the SRP both at depth and near the planting row. Consequently, a reduction in soil volume was observed but was not the physical limiting factor for crop development, and greater yield losses occurred in the subsequent cycle. For this reason, transportation operations (the tractor and trailer set) were considered the critical sugarcane harvesting operations; moreover, due to the combination of the track harvester, tractor and three-axis trailer, 60 % of the impacted area exhibited mechanical resistance to penetration exceeding 2.5 MPa and likely restricting the root development. In addition, support truck traffic could damage the soil structure. Thus, the machine traffic in sugarcane areas could exacerbate productivity losses caused by the soil compaction.

中文翻译：

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机械化甘蔗收获中的哪项操作对土壤板结影响最大？


在甘蔗种植中，农业机械化导致土壤板结，导致甘蔗田的产量和寿命下降。机械化收割作业可以促进第一个植物周期期间的土壤压实。本研究的目的是通过分析田间土壤机械渗透阻力、建模空间分布并量化对后续作物周期产量的影响，确定土壤压实的关键机械化收割作业。该研究在巴西塞拉多的 Latossolo Vermelho 覆盖的地区进行，实验采用随机区组设计，有七个样地和三个重复。这些地块是根据以下机械的操作条件构建的：履带式收割机；拖拉机和三轴拖车组；履带式收割机、拖拉机和三轴拖车的组合；以及维修、消防和护送卡车。此外，还对手工收割进行了评估，作为土壤结构和生产潜力的参考。使用轮胎履带和土壤压实（TASC）来估计机械对土壤施加的压力，并在两个评估区域（行车道和种植行）评估交通的影响。使用自动贯入仪测量土壤的抗渗透性（SRP）。垂直于车道，每隔 0.08 m 记录一次测量，水平距离为 1.52 m，深度为 0.50 m，土壤剖面含水量接近田间持水量。分别通过普通克里金法和指示克里金法估计了交通车道和种植行中 SRP 的空间变异图。 空间变异图证实了施加在土-轮界面上的应力的消散；这些地图显示了 TASC 工具的高预测能力。消防车在行车道上产生的土壤压实增量最大。根据对受影响土壤剖面面积百分比的分析，拖拉机和拖车在深度和种植行附近将载荷消散至 SRP 限制值。因此，观察到土壤体积的减少，但这并不是作物生长的物理限制因素，并且在随后的周期中出现了更大的产量损失。因此，运输作业（拖拉机和拖车组）被认为是关键的甘蔗收获作业；此外，由于履带式收割机、拖拉机和三轴拖车的组合，60%的受影响区域表现出超过2.5 MPa的机械穿透阻力，可能限制根部发育。此外，支援卡车交通可能会破坏土壤结构。因此，甘蔗区的机器运输可能会加剧土壤压实造成的生产力损失。