Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs), a subset of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs), are wireless networks formed around moving vehicles, enabling communication between vehicles, roadside infrastructure, and servers. With the rise of autonomous and connected vehicles, security concerns surrounding VANETs have grown. VANETs still face challenges related to privacy with full-scale deployment due to a lack of user trust. Critical factors shaping VANETs include their dynamic topology and high mobility characteristics. Authentication protocols emerge as the cornerstone of enabling the secure transmission of entities within a VANET. Despite concerted efforts, there remains a need to incorporate verification approaches for refining authentication protocols. Formal verification constitutes a mathematical approach enabling developers to validate protocols and rectify design errors with precision. Therefore, this review focuses on authentication protocols as a pivotal element for securing entity transmission within VANETs. It presents a comparative analysis of existing protocols, identifies research gaps, and introduces a novel framework that incorporates formal verification and threat modeling. The review considers key factors influencing security, sheds light on ongoing challenges, and emphasises the significance of user trust. The proposed framework not only enhances VANET security but also contributes to the growing field of formal verification in the automotive domain. As the outcomes of this study, several research gaps, challenges, and future research directions are identified. These insights would offer valuable guidance for researchers to establish secure authentication communication within VANETs.

中文翻译：

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VANET 中最先进的身份验证和验证方案：调查


车载自组织网络 (VANET) 是移动自组织网络 (MANET) 的子集，是围绕移动车辆形成的无线网络，支持车辆、路边基础设施和服务器之间的通信。随着自动驾驶和联网车辆的兴起，围绕车载自组网 (VANET) 的安全问题日益凸显。由于缺乏用户信任，VANET 在全面部署时仍面临与隐私相关的挑战。塑造 VANET 的关键因素包括其动态拓扑和高移动性特征。身份验证协议成为实现 VANET 内实体安全传输的基石。尽管共同努力，仍然需要结合验证方法来完善身份验证协议。形式验证是一种数学方法，使开发人员能够验证协议并精确纠正设计错误。因此，本次审查重点关注身份验证协议作为确保 VANET 内实体传输安全的关键要素。它对现有协议进行了比较分析，确定了研究差距，并引入了一种结合了形式验证和威胁建模的新颖框架。该审查考虑了影响安全的关键因素，揭示了持续存在的挑战，并强调了用户信任的重要性。所提出的框架不仅增强了 VANET 安全性，而且还有助于汽车领域形式验证领域的不断发展。作为这项研究的结果，确定了一些研究差距、挑战和未来的研究方向。这些见解将为研究人员在 VANET 内建立安全身份验证通信提供宝贵的指导。