The issue of toxic metal pollution is a considerable environmental concern owing to its complex nature, spatial and temporal variability, and susceptibility to environmental factors. Current water quality criteria and ecological risk assessments of metals are based on single-metal toxicity data from short-term, simplified indoor exposure conditions, ignoring the complexity of actual environmental conditions. This results in increased uncertainty in predicting toxic metal toxicity and risk assessment. Using appropriate bioavailability and effect modeling of metals is critical for establishing environmental quality standards and performing risk assessments for metals. Traditional dose-effect models are based on a static statistical relationship and fall short of revealing the bioavailability and effect processes of metals and do not effectively assess ecological impacts under complex exposure conditions. This paper summarizes the toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TK–TD) model, which is gaining interest in environmental and ecotoxicological research. The key concepts, and theories of its construction theories, are discussed and the application of the TK–TD model in toxicity prediction and risk assessment of different metals in the aquatic environment, and trends in the development of the TK–TD model are highlighted. The findings of our review prove that the TK–TD model can effectively predict toxic metal toxicity in real time and under complex exposure conditions in the future.

中文翻译：

---

毒代动力学-毒动力学模型在金属水生生态风险评估中的应用：综述


有毒金属污染问题因其复杂性、时空变化性以及对环境因素的敏感性而成为一个值得关注的环境问题。目前的水质标准和金属生态风险评估都是基于短期、简化的室内暴露条件下的单一金属毒性数据，忽略了实际环境条件的复杂性。这导致有毒金属毒性预测和风险评估的不确定性增加。使用适当的金属生物利用度和效应模型对于建立环境质量标准和进行金属风险评估至关重要。传统的剂量效应模型基于静态统计关系，无法揭示金属的生物利用度和效应过程，也不能有效评估复杂暴露条件下的生态影响。本文总结了毒代动力学-毒动力学（TK-TD）模型，该模型在环境和生态毒理学研究中越来越受到关注。讨论了其构建理论的关键概念及其原理，讨论了TK-TD模型在水生环境中不同金属的毒性预测和风险评估中的应用，并重点介绍了TK-TD模型的发展趋势。我们的综述结果证明，TK-TD模型可以有效地实时预测未来复杂暴露条件下的有毒金属毒性。