Internet users are inundated with attempts to persuade, including digital nudges like defaults, friction, and reinforcement. When these nudges fail to be transparent, optional, and beneficial, they can become ‘dark patterns’, categorised here under the acronym FORCES (Frame, Obstruct, Ruse, Compel, Entangle, Seduce). Elsewhere, psychological principles like negativity bias, the curiosity gap, and fluency are exploited to make social content viral, while more covert tactics including astroturfing, meta-nudging, and inoculation are used to manufacture consensus. The power of these techniques is set to increase in line with technological advances such as predictive algorithms, generative AI, and virtual reality. Digital nudges can be used for altruistic purposes including protection against manipulation, but behavioural interventions have mixed effects at best.

中文翻译：

---

点击和技巧：在线说服的黑暗艺术


互联网用户充斥着说服的尝试，包括默认、摩擦和强化等数字推动。当这些推动不透明、可选和有益时，它们可能会变成“黑暗模式”，这里用缩写词“FORCES”（框架、阻碍、诡计、强迫、纠缠、诱惑）进行分类。在其他地方，消极偏见、好奇心差距和流畅性等心理学原理被利用来使社交内容病毒式传播，而包括斯特拉草皮、元助推和接种在内的更隐蔽的策略则被用来制造共识。这些技术的威力将随着预测算法、生成式人工智能和虚拟现实等技术进步而增强。数字助推可用于利他目的，包括防止操纵，但行为干预最多只能产生好坏参半的效果。