OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between meal timing and type 2 diabetes risk in U.S. Hispanic/Latino adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) is a multicenter, community-based, prospective cohort study. This study included 8,868 HCHS/SOL adults without diabetes at baseline (2008–2011) and attending the visit 2 examination (2014–2017). Energy intake and glycemic load (GL) in each meal timing were assessed at baseline using two 24-h dietary recalls. Incident diabetes was identified through annual follow-up calls or at visit 2. Hazard ratios (HRs) for incident diabetes were estimated using Cox models, accounting for the complex survey design. RESULTS The study population (50.9% female) had a baseline mean age of 39.0 (95% CI, 38.4–39.5) years. Over a median (range) follow-up of 5.8 (0.8–9.6) years, 1,262 incident diabetes cases were documented. Greater energy intake and GL in late morning (9:00–11:59 a.m.) were associated with a lower diabetes risk, whereas greater energy intake and GL in other meal timings were not. After accounting for diet quantity and quality, sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and chronic conditions, the HRs were 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91–0.97) per 100-kcal energy intake increment and 0.93 (0.89–0.97) per 10-unit GL increment in late morning. Replacing energy intake or GL from early morning (6:00–8:59 a.m.), afternoon (12:00–5:59 p.m.), or evening (6:00–11:59 p.m.) with late-morning equivalents was associated with a comparably lower diabetes risk. CONCLUSIONS This study identified late morning as a favorable meal timing in Hispanic/Latino adults, providing a novel perspective on type 2 diabetes prevention that warrants confirmation.

中文翻译：

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上午晚些时候的能量摄入和膳食血糖负荷和 2 型糖尿病的风险：西班牙裔社区健康研究/拉丁裔研究，一项多中心前瞻性队列研究


目的 评估美国西班牙裔/拉丁裔成人进餐时间与 2 型糖尿病风险之间的关联。研究设计和方法 西班牙裔社区健康研究/拉丁裔研究 （HCHS/SOL） 是一项多中心、基于社区的前瞻性队列研究。这项研究包括 8,868 名基线 （2008-2011） 和参加第 2 次就诊检查 （2014-2017） 时无糖尿病的 HCHS/SOL 成人。使用两次 24 小时饮食回忆在基线时评估每餐时间的能量摄入和血糖负荷 （GL）。通过年度随访电话或第 2 次就诊发现新发糖尿病。考虑到复杂的调查设计，使用 Cox 模型估计新发糖尿病的风险比 （HRs）。结果研究人群 （50.9% 女性） 的基线平均年龄为 39.0 （95% CI，38.4-39.5） 岁。在 5.8 （0.8-9.6） 年的中位（范围）随访中，记录了 1,262 例糖尿病病例。上午晚些时候（上午 9：00-11：59）较高的能量摄入和 GL 与较低的糖尿病风险相关，而其他进餐时间较高的能量摄入和 GL 则无关。在考虑了饮食数量和质量、社会人口学特征、生活方式因素和慢性病后，HR 为每 100 kcal 能量摄入增量 0.94 （95% CI，0.91-0.97） 和上午 10 单位 GL 增量 0.93 （0.89-0.97）。从清晨（上午 6：00-8：59）、下午（中午 12：00-5：59）或晚上（下午 6：00-11：59）用上午晚些时候的当量代替能量摄入或 GL 与相对较低的糖尿病风险相关。结论 本研究确定上午晚些时候是西班牙裔/拉丁裔成年人的有利用餐时间，为预防 2 型糖尿病提供了新的视角，值得确认。