The trade in live ornamental fishes to be held as companion animals or displayed in public aquaria has an estimated global annual value of US$15–20 billion. Supply chains for ornamental pet fishes often involve many more parties than for fish farmed as food fishes, and at each stage, fishes are exposed to stressors including handling, confinement, crowding, mechanical disturbance, and poor water quality. If chronic, these stressors can compromise their immune system, making fishes more susceptible to pathogens. Mortality and morbidity from infectious disease can result in considerable welfare impacts and massive economic losses for the industry, and the range of infective agents seen in ornamental species is well documented. However, treating these diseases is not straightforward with practices varying greatly across the trade and with several approaches having unintended consequences, such as the emergence of resistant strains of pathogens. While disease treatments for a handful of fish species (e.g., koi, goldfish) have received focused research attention, for the home aquarium owner, there is an increasing reliance on products based on natural compounds which have received far less scientific attention. This review aims to highlight the gaps in our knowledge surrounding the range of disease treatments used across the ornamental pet fish trade, with a particular focus on freshwater tropical species destined for home aquaria. Consideration is given to the potential problems arising from these treatments, including microbial resistance and effects of treatments themselves on fish health and welfare.

中文翻译：

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当前观赏观赏鱼贸易的疾病治疗及其相关问题


作为伴侣动物或在公共水族馆展示的活体观赏鱼的贸易额估计全球每年达 15-200 亿美元。观赏观赏鱼的供应链通常比食用鱼养殖的供应链涉及更多的各方，并且在每个阶段，鱼类都会面临压力源，包括处理、限制、拥挤、机械干扰和水质差。如果是慢性的，这些压力源会损害它们的免疫系统，使鱼类更容易受到病原体的影响。传染病引起的死亡率和发病率可能会给该行业带来相当大的福利影响和巨大的经济损失，并且在观赏物种中发现的感染因子的范围有据可查。然而，治疗这些疾病并不简单，各个行业的做法差异很大，而且一些方法会产生意想不到的后果，例如病原体耐药菌株的出现。虽然少数鱼类（例如锦鲤、金鱼）的疾病治疗受到了研究的重点关注，但对于家庭水族箱所有者来说，人们越来越依赖基于天然化合物的产品，而这些产品受到的科学关注要少得多。本次审查旨在强调我们在观赏性宠物鱼贸易中使用的疾病治疗范围方面的知识差距，特别关注用于家庭水族箱的淡水热带物种。考虑到这些治疗产生的潜在问题，包括微生物耐药性以及治疗本身对鱼类健康和福利的影响。