The interplay between viral pathogens and host metabolism plays a pivotal role in determining the outcome of viral infections. Upon viral detection, the metabolic landscape of the host cell undergoes significant changes, shifting from oxidative respiration via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to increased aerobic glycolysis. This metabolic shift is accompanied by elevated nutrient accessibility, which is vital for cell function, development, and proliferation. Furthermore, depositing metabolites derived from fatty acids, TCA intermediates, and amino acid catabolism accelerates the immunometabolic transition, facilitating pro‐inflammatory and antimicrobial responses. Immunometabolites refer to small molecules involved in cellular metabolism regulating the immune response. These molecules include nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, along with metabolic intermediates and signaling molecules adenosine, lactate, itaconate, succinate, kynurenine, and prostaglandins. Emerging evidence suggests that immunometabolites released by immune cells establish a complex interaction network within local niches, orchestrating and fine‐tuning immune responses during viral diseases. However, our current understanding of the immense capacity of metabolites to convey essential cell signals from one cell to another or within cellular compartments remains incomplete. Unraveling these complexities would be crucial for harnessing the potential of immunometabolites in therapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss specific immunometabolites and their mechanisms of action in viral infections, emphasizing recent findings and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.

中文翻译：

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病毒感染中的免疫代谢产物：作用机制和功能


病毒病原体和宿主代谢之间的相互作用在决定病毒感染的结果中起着关键作用。病毒检测后，宿主细胞的代谢格局发生显着变化，从通过三羧酸（TCA）循环的氧化呼吸转变为有氧糖酵解增加。这种代谢转变伴随着营养可及性的提高，这对于细胞功能、发育和增殖至关重要。此外，沉积源自脂肪酸、TCA中间体和氨基酸分解代谢的代谢物加速了免疫代谢转变，促进促炎和抗菌反应。免疫代谢物是指参与调节免疫反应的细胞代谢的小分子。这些分子包括葡萄糖和氨基酸等营养物质，以及代谢中间体和信号分子腺苷、乳酸、衣康酸、琥珀酸、犬尿氨酸和前列腺素。新的证据表明，免疫细胞释放的免疫代谢物在局部生态位内建立了复杂的相互作用网络，在病毒性疾病期间协调和微调免疫反应。然而，我们目前对代谢物将重要细胞信号从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞或在细胞室内的巨大能力的理解仍然不完整。解开这些复杂性对于在治疗干预中利用免疫代谢物的潜力至关重要。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了特定的免疫代谢物及其在病毒感染中的作用机制，强调了这个快速发展领域的最新发现和未来方向。