While symbiont infections in invertebrates are widespread, their role in protecting hosts against natural enemies and chemical insecticides remains incompletely understood. Our study investigates the protective effects of Arsenophonus and Wolbachia, either individually or in co-infection, on Nilaparvata lugens against chemical insecticides. Our findings reveal that both Arsenophonus and Wolbachia confer protection against chemical insecticides, including triflumezopyrim, nitenpyram, and dinotefuran. However, these symbionts do not show protective effects against pymetrozine. Wolbachia infection leads to the up-regulation of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene GSTm2 and the P450 gene CYP6AY1. Uniquely, co-infection results in the up-regulation of the P450 gene CYP18A1. Furthermore, the stability of the co-infection is not constant, with its frequency decreasing from 93.3 to 73.1% over a nine-generation passage, while single infections remain consistently high (> 95%). Our study suggests that Wolbachia and Arsenophonus, both individually and in co-infection, provide protection against two commonly used chemical insecticides in N. lugens.

尽管无脊椎动物中的共生感染很普遍，但它们在保护宿主免受天敌和化学杀虫剂侵害方面的作用仍不完全清楚。我们的研究调查了Arsenophonus和Wolbachia单独或共同感染对褐飞虱对化学杀虫剂的保护作用。我们的研究结果表明，Arsenophonus 和 Wolbachia 都具有针对化学杀虫剂（包括三氟嘧啶、烯啶虫胺和呋虫胺）的保护作用。然而，这些共生体并没有表现出对吡蚜酮的保护作用。沃尔巴克氏菌感染导致谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶 (GST) 基因 GSTm2 和 P450 基因 CYP6AY1 上调。独特的是，共感染会导致 P450 基因 CYP18A1 上调。此外，共感染的稳定性并不是恒定的，其频率在九代传代中从 93.3% 下降到 73.1%，而单一感染仍然持续较高（> 95%）。我们的研究表明，无论是单独感染还是共同感染，Wolbachia 和 Arsenophonus 都能为褐飞虱提供针对两种常用化学杀虫剂的保护。