This study examines the determinants of the overeducation phenomenon among migrants in Lombardy, Italy, and how it has evolved over the last 14 years. The target population consists of legal and undocumented individuals with original citizenship from countries defined as ‘high migratory pressure countries’, who declared themselves as ‘employed’. Italy has one of the highest rates of overeducation among non‐EU citizens in the European Union, and there is also a significant gap between the overeducation rates of Italian nationals and non‐EU citizens in the country. The study explores various factors contributing to overeducation and how the individual and migratory characteristics affecting it evolved. The chosen period encompasses years affected by the consequences of the economic crisis and the pandemic emergency. A significant time effect, different according to gender, is detected: more specifically, a decrease in the probability of being overeducated in the post‐crisis years in comparison with the preceding ones for men. More years since migration and having attended primary or secondary education in Italy appear to significantly lessen the likelihood of overeducation. Predicted probabilities demonstrate that being a woman and originating from certain countries, such as some eastern European non‐EU countries (Ukraine and Moldova) and the Philippines, disadvantage foreign workers in terms of overeducation.

中文翻译：

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伦巴第大区移民的过度教育：2008-2021 年趋势分析


本研究探讨了意大利伦巴第大区移民过度教育现象的决定因素及其在过去 14 年中的演变情况。目标人群包括来自被定义为“高移民压力国家”的国家的合法和无证个人，他们声称自己是“就业者”。意大利是欧盟非欧盟公民过度教育率最高的国家之一，而且意大利国民与该国非欧盟公民的过度教育率也存在显着差距。该研究探讨了导致过度教育的各种因素，以及影响过度教育的个人和迁徙特征如何演变。所选时期包括受经济危机和大流行紧急情况影响的年份。我们发现了一种显着的时间效应，根据性别的不同而不同：更具体地说，与之前相比，危机后几年男性受过度教育的可能性有所下降。移民多年并在意大利接受小学或中学教育似乎大大降低了过度教育的可能性。预测概率表明，来自某些国家（例如一些东欧非欧盟国家（乌克兰和摩尔多瓦）和菲律宾）的女性在过度教育方面使外国工人处于不利地位。