Sports Medicine ( IF 9.3 ) Pub Date : 2024-07-18 , DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02071-8 Nikolaos D Asimakidis 1, 2 , Irvin N Mukandi 1, 2 , Marco Beato 3 , Chris Bishop 1 , Anthony N Turner 1
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Background
Strength and power represent two crucial physical qualities for the attainment of a high level of performance considering the frequency and the importance of explosive actions occurring during elite soccer match-play. Evaluation of strength and power is a multifaceted concept involving a vast array of tests and outcome variables. Nevertheless, a comprehensive and systematic search of strength and power assessment procedures in elite soccer has yet to be undertaken.
Objectives
The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) identify the tests and outcome variables used to assess strength and power of elite male soccer players; (2) provide normative values for the most common tests of strength and power across different playing levels; and (3) report the reliability values of these strength and power tests.
Methods
A systematic review of the academic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and OVID for studies published until August 2023 was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they: (1) were original research studies, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and written in English language; (2) had the primary aim to assess strength and/or power; (3) players were male and older than 17 years of age (i.e., mean age of the group); and (4) their playing level was defined as “professional”, “international” or “elite”.
Results
Regarding strength testing, 115 studies and 29 different tests were identified. The three most frequent strength tests were the knee extensor isokinetic strength test (58 studies), the knee flexor isokinetic strength test (55 studies) and the Nordic hamstring strength test (13 studies). In terms of power testing, 127 studies with 31 different tests were included. The three most frequent power tests were the countermovement jump with hands fixed on hips (99 studies), the squat jump (48 studies) and the vertical jump with arm swing (29 studies).
Conclusions
The wide range of different tests and outcome variables identified in this systematic review highlights the large diversity in the employed testing procedures. The establishment of a hybrid testing approach, combining standardised and widely accepted tests for establishing normative standards and enabling comparisons across different contexts, with flexible context-specific testing batteries, has the potential to maximise the impact of testing information for practitioners. In addition, the limited reporting of reliability data across studies highlights the need for practitioners to establish their own reliability measure within their specific contexts, informing the selection of certain tests and outcome variables.
中文翻译：
精英男子足球的力量和力量评估：对实践和研究中使用的测试方案的系统评价
背景
考虑到精英足球比洞赛中爆发性动作的频率和重要性，力量和爆发力代表了获得高水平表现的两个关键身体素质。力量和力量的评估是一个多方面的概念，涉及大量的测试和结果变量。尽管如此，尚未对精英足球的力量和力量评估程序进行全面和系统的搜索。
目标
本系统综述的目的是：（1） 确定用于评估精英男子足球运动员力量和爆发力的测试和结果变量;（2） 为不同比赛水平中最常见的力量和力量测试提供规范值;（3） 报告这些强度和功率测试的可靠性值。
方法
根据系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目 （PRISMA） 指南，对截至 2023 年 8 月发表的研究的学术数据库 MEDLINE、CINAHL、SPORTDiscus、Web of Science 和 OVID 进行了系统评价。如果研究符合纳入条件，则符合纳入条件：（1） 是原创研究，发表在同行评审期刊上，并以英语撰写;（2） 主要目的是评估力量和/或力量;（3） 球员是男性，年龄超过 17 岁（即该组的平均年龄）;（4） 他们的比赛水平被定义为“专业”、“国际”或“精英”。
结果
关于强度测试，确定了 115 项研究和 29 种不同的测试。三种最常见的力量测试是膝伸肌等速力量测试（58 项研究）、膝屈肌等速力量测试（55 项研究）和北欧腘绳肌力量测试（13 项研究）。在功效测试方面，共纳入 127 项研究和 31 种不同的测试。三个最常见的力量测试是双手固定在臀部的反向运动跳跃（99 项研究）、深蹲跳跃（48 项研究）和手臂摆动的垂直跳跃（29 项研究）。
结论
本系统综述中确定的广泛不同测试和结果变量突出了所采用测试程序的巨大差异。建立混合测试方法，结合标准化和广泛接受的测试来建立规范标准并实现不同背景下的比较，以及灵活的特定环境测试电池，有可能最大限度地发挥测试信息对从业者的影响。此外，研究中可靠性数据的有限报告凸显了从业者在其特定环境中建立自己的可靠性测量的必要性，从而为某些测试和结果变量的选择提供信息。
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