Background The carcinogenicity of air pollution and its impact on the risk of lung cancer is well known; however, there are still knowledge gaps and mixed results for other sites of cancer. Methods The current study aimed to evaluate the associations between ambient air pollution [fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)] and cancer incidence. Exposure assessment was based on historical addresses of >900 000 participants. Cancer incidence included primary cancer cases diagnosed from 2007 to 2015 (n = 30 979). Cox regression was used to evaluate the associations between ambient air pollution and cancer incidence [hazard ratio (HR), 95% CI]. Results In the single-pollutant models, an increase of one interquartile range (IQR) (2.11 µg/m3) of PM2.5 was associated with an increased risk of all cancer sites (HR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.47–1.54), lung cancer (HR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.60–1.87), bladder cancer (HR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.37–1.65), breast cancer (HR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.42–1.58) and prostate cancer (HR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.31–1.52). In the single-pollutant and the co-pollutant models, the estimates for PM2.5 were stronger compared with NOx for all the investigated cancer sites. Conclusions Our findings confirm the carcinogenicity of ambient air pollution on lung cancer and provide additional evidence for bladder, breast and prostate cancers. Further studies are needed to confirm our observation regarding prostate cancer. However, the need for more research should not be a barrier to implementing policies to limit the population's exposure to air pollution.

中文翻译：

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除了肺癌：空气污染与膀胱癌、乳腺癌和前列腺癌的发病率


背景 空气污染的致癌性及其对肺癌风险的影响是众所周知的。然而，对于其他癌症部位仍然存在知识差距，结果也好坏参半。方法 本研究旨在评估环境空气污染[细颗粒物 (PM2.5) 和氮氧化物 (NOx)] 与癌症发病率之间的关联。暴露评估基于 >900 000 名参与者的历史地址。癌症发病率包括 2007 年至 2015 年诊断的原发性癌症病例 (n = 30 979)。 Cox 回归用于评估环境空气污染与癌症发病率之间的关联[风险比 (HR)，95% CI]。结果 在单一污染物模型中，PM2.5 的四分位距 (IQR) (2.11 µg/m3) 增加与所有癌症部位的风险增加相关（HR = 1.51，95% CI：1.47–1.54） 、肺癌（HR = 1.73，95% CI：1.60–1.87）、膀胱癌（HR = 1.50，95% CI：1.37–1.65）、乳腺癌（HR = 1.50，95% CI：1.42–1.58）和前列腺癌癌症（HR = 1.41，95% CI：1.31–1.52）。在单一污染物和共污染物模型中，对于所有研究的癌症部位，PM2.5 的估计值均强于 NOx。结论 我们的研究结果证实了环境空气污染对肺癌的致癌性，并为膀胱癌、乳腺癌和前列腺癌提供了额外的证据。需要进一步的研究来证实我们对前列腺癌的观察。然而，更多研究的需要不应成为实施限制人口接触空气污染的政策的障碍。