Water pollution due to wastewater is a serious issue that needs to be studied as many organic compounds are released from wastewater, affecting the ecosystem. Therefore, appropriate treatment methods should be used to prevent these effects. Phragmites australis biochar immobilized with bacteria was prepared in this study for use as an adsorbent in a pilot-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) to remove organic matter from wastewater in a buffalo farm. Combining reed biochar and immobilized Streptomyces hydrogenans introduces a synergistic effect: reed biochar serves as a substrate for microbial colonization and provides a conducive environment for microbial growth while Streptomyces hydrogenans, immobilized on the biochar, enhances the degradation of organic matter through its metabolic activities. Suitable techniques were employed, including infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the functional groups before and after adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the morphology of the composite before and after adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) to examine the mineralogical changes through reflectometry, high-resolution diffraction and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses to determine the surface area that always carried out by nitrogen adsorption/desorption technique based on the BET isotherm. Two-level factorial design experiments optimized using biochar, immobilized with bacteria, were employed to enhance the UASB performance. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and biogas production were studied as a function of four experimental parameters: biochar dose, buffalo sludge dose, pH, and bacteria type. The buffalo sludge (manure) dose negatively affected the model's performance. The results showed better COD removal with Streptomyces hydrogenans S11 inoculation. The optimum biochar dose, buffalo sludge dose, and pH were 20 g L⁻¹, 0%, and 7.5, respectively. The COD removal efficiency under these experimental conditions reached 92.70% with a biogas production of 5.0 mL. The experimental results of a validated point from the model were 90.80% for COD removal ratio and 4.80 mL for biogas production at 2 g L⁻¹ biochar dose, 0% buffalo sludge dose, and pH 7.5 using Streptomyces hydrogenans S11 bacteria. A buffalo wastewater (BWW) anaerobic digestion experimental model was best fitted to the data under optimal conditions. This study aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation) and SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production). The implications of our work extend to large-scale applications, promising a greener and more sustainable future for wastewater treatment.

中文翻译：

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氢化链霉菌固定化在纳米芦苇生物炭上的协同效应（吸附和生物降解），进一步应用于上流式厌氧污泥床


废水造成的水污染是一个需要研究的严重问题，因为废水中释放出许多有机化合物，影响生态系统。因此，应采用适当的治疗方法来预防这些影响。本研究制备了固定有细菌的芦苇生物炭，用作中试规模的上流式厌氧污泥床 (UASB) 中的吸附剂，以去除水牛场废水中的有机物。将芦苇生物炭和固定化氢链霉菌结合产生协同效应：芦苇生物炭作为微生物定殖的基质，为微生物生长提供有利的环境，而固定在生物炭上的氢链霉菌通过其代谢活动增强有机物的降解。采用了合适的技术，包括红外光谱（FTIR）来确定吸附前后的官能团，扫描电子显微镜（SEM）来确定吸附前后复合材料的形态，X射线衍射（XRD）来检查矿物学通过反射计、高分辨率衍射和 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) 分析来确定表面积的变化，从而确定表面积，这通常是基于 BET 等温线的氮气吸附/解吸技术进行的。采用固定细菌的生物炭优化的两级析因设计实验来提高 UASB 性能。研究了化学需氧量 (COD) 去除和沼气产量与四个实验参数的函数关系：生物炭剂量、水牛污泥剂量、pH 值和细菌类型。水牛污泥（粪便）剂量对模型的性能产生负面影响。 结果表明，接种氢化链霉菌 S11 可以更好地去除 COD。最佳生物炭用量、水牛污泥用量和pH值分别为20 g·L ⁻¹ 、0%和7.5。该实验条件下COD去除率达到92.70%，沼气产量5.0 mL。使用氢化链霉菌 S11，在 2 g L ⁻¹ 生物炭剂量、0% 水牛污泥剂量和 pH 7.5 条件下，模型验证点的实验结果为 COD 去除率 90.80%，沼气产量 4.80 mL细菌。水牛废水（BWW）厌氧消化实验模型最适合最佳条件下的数据。这项研究符合联合国可持续发展目标 (SDG)，特别是 SDG 6（清洁水和卫生设施）和 SDG 12（负责任的消费和生产）。我们的工作影响延伸到大规模应用，为废水处理带来更绿色、更可持续的未来。