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Tailoring Stepped Layered Titanates for Sodium-Ion Battery Applications
Accounts of Materials Research ( IF 14.0 ) Pub Date : 2024-07-15 , DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.4c00080
Wei Yin 1 , Juhyeon Ahn 1 , Gözde Barim 1 , Judith Alvarado 1 , Marca M. Doeff 1
Affiliation  

Concerns about sustainability and supply chain issues associated with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have led researchers and companies around the world to investigate alternative technologies. Of all the so-called “beyond LIBs”, sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) are in the most advanced stage of development, and are being considered for grid storage applications as well as moderate-range electric vehicles. While graphite is the most commonly used anode material for LIBs, hard carbons are used in NIBs because sodium insertion into graphite does not occur to a useful extent. Other possibilities, based on cost and availability arguments, are titanates, which are generally denser than disordered carbons, meaning more material can be packed into a given volume, leading potentially to greater energy density. We have researched stepped layered titanates for use as anode materials, focusing on two types of structures. The first is “sodium nonatitanate” or NNT, with the composition NaTi3O6(OH)·2H2O having six Ti4+O6 octahedra joined together in steps to form layers with sodium ions and water in-between. The lepidocrocite-type titanate structure, contains zigzag layers (or steps one Ti4+O6 unit across). These exist in a wide range of compositions, and contain large exchangeable cations between the layers. An unusual feature of both NNT and the lepidocrocite titanates is the very low potentials (0.3–0.5 V vs Na+/Na) at which they insert sodium. This makes them particularly attractive for anode applications. Another interesting feature is the ability to tailor the electrochemical properties by various modifications, such as heat-treatment to remove water and change the structure, introduction of vacancies, ion-exchange, surface modifications, and carbon coating or graphene wrapping, all of which alter the electrochemical properties. Finally, heterostructuring (interleaving titanate layers with carbon) results in new materials with different redox properties. For all the titanates, the first cycle Coulombic efficiency (C.E.) is very sensitive to the binder used in the electrode fabrication and the electrolyte used. Because sodium insertion occurs at such a low potential, some electrolyte and binder are irreversibly reduced during the first cycle to form a protective solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). In a full cell, it is important to maximize the C.E. because all the cyclable sodium must come from the cathode, so cells must be overbuilt to compensate for these losses. Proper selection of binder and electrolyte results in improved cycling performance and minimal first cycle losses. Finally, examples of full cells containing some of the materials under discussion are provided.

中文翻译:


为钠离子电池应用定制阶梯式层状钛酸盐



对与锂离子电池 (LIB) 相关的可持续性和供应链问题的担忧促使世界各地的研究人员和公司研究替代技术。在所有所谓的“超越锂离子电池”中,钠离子电池(NIB)正处于最先进的发展阶段,并且正在考虑用于电网存储应用以及中程电动汽车。虽然石墨是最常用的锂离子电池阳极材料,但在NIB中使用硬碳是因为钠嵌入石墨中的情况没有达到有用的程度。基于成本和可用性的争论,其他可能性是钛酸盐,它通常比无序碳密度更大,这意味着在给定的体积中可以填充更多的材料,从而可能产生更大的能量密度。我们研究了用作阳极材料的阶梯层状钛酸盐,重点关注两种类型的结构。第一种是“九钛酸钠”或NNT,其组成为NaTi 3 O 6 (OH)·2H 2 O,具有六个Ti 4+ O 6八面体逐步连接在一起以形成中间有钠离子和水的层。纤铁矿型钛酸盐结构包含锯齿形层(或跨过一个Ti 4+ O 6单元的台阶)。它们以多种成分存在,并且层间含有大量可交换阳离子。 NNT 和纤铁矿钛酸盐的一个不寻常的特征是它们插入钠的电位非常低(0.3-0.5 V vs Na + /Na)。这使得它们对于阳极应用特别有吸引力。 另一个有趣的功能是能够通过各种修饰来定制电化学性能,例如热处理以去除水并改变结构、引入空位、离子交换、表面修饰以及碳涂层或石墨烯包裹,所有这些都会改变电化学性质。最后,异质结构(钛酸盐层与碳交错)产生具有不同氧化还原特性的新材料。对于所有钛酸盐,第一循环库仑效率(CE)对电极制造中使用的粘合剂和所使用的电解质非常敏感。由于钠插入发生在如此低的电势下,因此一些电解质和粘合剂在第一个循环期间不可逆地还原,形成保护性固体电解质中间相(SEI)。在全电池中,最大化 CE 非常重要,因为所有可循环钠必须来自阴极,因此必须过度建造电池以补偿这些损失。正确选择粘合剂和电解质可以提高循环性能并最小化首次循环损失。最后,提供了包含所讨论的一些材料的完整电池的示例。
更新日期:2024-07-15
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