Background

Our scientific understanding of the mechanistic and practical connections between training session prescriptions, their execution by athletes, and adaptations over time in elite endurance sports remains limited. These connections are fundamental to the art and science of coaching.

Objective

By using successful Norwegian endurance coaches as key informants, the aim of this study is to describe and compare best practice session models across different exercise intensities in Olympic endurance sports.

Methods

Data collection was based on a four-step pragmatic qualitative study design, involving questionnaires, training logs from successful athletes, and in-depth and semi-structured interviews, followed by negotiation among researchers and coaches to assure our interpretations. Twelve successful and experienced male Norwegian coaches from biathlon, cross-country skiing, long-distance running, road cycling, rowing, speed skating, swimming, and triathlon were chosen as key informants. They had been responsible for the training of world-class endurance athletes who altogether have won > 370 medals in international championships.

Results

The duration of low-intensity training (LIT) sessions ranges from 30 min to 7 h across sports, mainly due to modality-specific constraints and load tolerance considerations. Cross-training accounts for a considerable part of LIT sessions in several sports. Moderate (MIT)- and high-intensity training (HIT) sessions are mainly conducted as intervals in specific modalities, but competitions also account for a large proportion of annual HIT in most sports. Interval sessions are characterized by a high accumulated volume, a progressive increase in intensity throughout the session, and a controlled, rather than exhaustive, execution approach. A clear trend towards shorter intervals and lower work: rest ratio with increasing intensity was observed. Overall, the analyzed sports implement considerably more MIT than HIT sessions across the annual cycle.

Conclusions

This study provides novel insights on quantitative and qualitative aspects of training session models across intensities employed by successful athletes in Olympic endurance sports. The interval training sessions revealed in this study are generally more voluminous, more controlled, and less exhaustive than most previous recommendations outlined in research literature.

中文翻译：

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耐力运动中的训练课程模型：挪威对最佳实践建议的看法

 背景

我们对精英耐力运动中训练课程处方、运动员执行处方和随时间变化之间的机制和实际联系的科学理解仍然有限。这些联系是教练艺术和科学的基础。

 目的

通过使用成功的挪威耐力教练作为关键信息提供者，本研究的目的是描述和比较奥林匹克耐力运动中不同锻炼强度的最佳实践课程模型。

 方法

数据收集基于四步实用定性研究设计，包括问卷调查、成功运动员的训练日志以及深入和半结构化的访谈，然后是研究人员和教练之间的谈判，以确保我们的解释。来自冬季两项、越野滑雪、长跑、公路自行车、赛艇、速度滑冰、游泳和铁人三项的 12 名成功且经验丰富的挪威男性教练被选为关键信息提供者。他们负责训练世界级的耐力运动员，这些运动员在国际锦标赛中总共赢得了 > 370 枚奖牌。

 结果

在各项运动中，低强度训练 （LIT） 课程的持续时间从 30 分钟到 7 小时不等，主要是由于特定模式的限制和负载承受能力的考虑。在多项运动中，交叉训练占 LIT 课程的很大一部分。中度 （MIT） 和高强度训练 （HIT） 课程主要以特定方式的间歇进行，但在大多数运动中，比赛也占年度 HIT 的很大一部分。间歇训练的特点是高累积量、整个训练过程中强度逐渐增加，以及受控而不是详尽的执行方法。观察到随着强度的增加，更短的间隔和更低的工作：休息比的明显趋势。总体而言，所分析的运动在整个年度周期中实施的 MIT 比 HIT 会话多得多。

 结论

本研究为成功运动员在奥林匹克耐力运动中采用的不同强度的训练模型的定量和定性方面提供了新的见解。本研究中揭示的间歇训练课程通常比研究文献中概述的大多数先前建议更丰富、更可控且不那么详尽。