The extensive utilization of pesticides results in their frequent detection in aquatic environments, often as complex mixtures, posing risks to aquatic organisms. The hook snout carp () serves as a valuable bioindicator for evaluating the impacts of environmental pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. However, few studies examined the toxic effects of pesticides on , let alone the characterization of the combined effects resulting from their mixtures. This study aims to elucidate the toxic effects of beta-cypermethrin and pyraclostrobin on , individually and in combination, focusing on biochemical, transcriptional, and molecular responses. By organizing and analyzing the toxicogenomic databases, both pesticides were identified as a contributor to processes such as apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. The acute toxicity test revealed comparable acute toxicity of beta-cypermethrin and pyraclostrobin on , with LC being 0.019 and 0.027 mg/L, respectively, whereas the LC decreased to 0.0057 and 0.0079 mg/L under the combined exposure, indicating potential synergistic effects. The activities of enzymes involved in oxidative stress and detoxification were significantly altered after exposure, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) increasing, while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased. The activity of CYP450s was significantly changed. Likewise, the expression levels of genes (, , , ) associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, endocrine and immune systems were significantly increased. Combined exposure to the pesticides significantly exacerbated the aforementioned biological processes in . Furthermore, both pesticides can modify protein activity by binding to the surface of SOD molecules and altering protein conformation, contributing to the elevated enzyme activity. Through the investigation of the synergistic toxic effects of pesticides and molecular mechanisms in , our findings highlight the importance of assessing the combined effects of pesticide mixtures in aquatic environments.

中文翻译：

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β-氯氰菊酯和唑菌胺酯暴露对钩吻鲤（Opsariichthys bidens）的协同毒性效应和机制见解：生化、转录和分子方法


农药的广泛使用导致它们在水生环境中频繁检测到，通常作为复杂的混合物，对水生生物构成风险。钩吻鲤是评估环境污染物对水生生态系统影响的有价值的生物指示剂。然而，很少有研究考察农药对农药的毒性作用，更不用说表征其混合物产生的综合效应了。本研究旨在阐明β-氯氰菊酯和唑菌胺酯单独和联合使用的毒性作用，重点关注生化、转录和分子反应。通过组织和分析毒理学数据库，这两种农药被确定为细胞凋亡、氧化应激和炎症反应等过程的贡献者。急性毒性测试显示，高效氯氰菊酯和唑菌胺酯的急性毒性相当，LC分别为0.019和0.027 mg/L，而联合暴露下LC降至0.0057和0.0079 mg/L，表明潜在的协同效应。暴露后参与氧化应激和解毒的酶活性显着改变，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）增加，而丙二醛（MDA）水平下降。 CYP450s的活性显着改变。同样，与氧化应激、细胞凋亡、内分泌和免疫系统相关的基因 (, , , ) 的表达水平显着增加。联合接触农药显着加剧了上述生物过程。 此外，这两种农药都可以通过与 SOD 分子表面结合并改变蛋白质构象来改变蛋白质活性，从而提高酶活性。通过研究农药的协同毒性效应和分子机制，我们的研究结果强调了评估农药混合物在水生环境中的综合效应的重要性。