The research was designed to use computed tomography (CT) with 3D-CT reconstruction imaging techniques and the various anatomical sections—plana transversalia, frontalis, and dorsalia—to describe the anatomical architecture of the Zebu cattle head. Our study used nine mature heads. The CT bone window created detailed images of cranial bones, mandibles, teeth, and hyoid bones. All of the head cavities were evaluated, including the cranial, orbital, oral, auricular, and nasal cavities with their paranasal and conchal sinuses. The septum nasi, attached to the vomer and maxillary bones, did not reach the nasal cavity floor caudally at the level of the second premolar teeth, resulting in a single median channel from the choanae to the nasopharynx. The positions, boundaries, and connections of the paranasal sinuses were clearly identified. There were four nasal conchal sinuses (that were named the dorsal, middle, ethmoidal, and ventral) and five paranasal sinuses that were described as the following: sinus frontalis, maxillaris, palatinorum, and lacrimalis, as defined in the different anatomical sections and computed tomographic images. The complicated sinus frontalis caused the pneumatization of all bones that surrounded the cranial cavity, with the exception of the ethmoidal and body of basisphenoid bones. The sinus maxillaris was connected to the sinus lacrimalis and palatinorum through the maxillolacrimal and palatomaxillary openings, and to the middle nasal meatus through the nasomaxillary opening. Our findings provide a detailed anatomical knowledge for disease diagnosis to internal medicine veterinarians and surgeons by offering a comprehensive atlas of the Zebu cattle anatomy.

中文翻译：

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瘤牛头 (Bos Taurus indicus)：断面解剖学和 3D 计算机断层扫描


该研究旨在使用计算机断层扫描 (CT) 和 3D-CT 重建成像技术以及各种解剖切片（横平面、额肌和背侧）来描述瘤牛头部的解剖结构。我们的研究使用了九个成熟的头部。 CT 骨窗创建了颅骨、下颌骨、牙齿和舌骨的详细图像。对所有头腔进行了评估，包括颅腔、眼眶、口腔、耳腔、鼻腔及其鼻旁窦和耳甲窦。鼻中隔附着在犁骨和上颌骨上，尾部没有到达第二前磨牙水平的鼻腔底部，导致从后鼻孔到鼻咽的单一正中通道。鼻旁窦的位置、边界和连接均清晰可见。有四个鼻甲窦（分别称为背侧、中侧、筛窦和腹侧）和五个鼻旁窦，描述如下：额窦、上颌窦、腭窦和泪窦，根据不同解剖部分的定义和计算断层扫描图像。复杂的额窦导致颅腔周围的所有骨骼气化，但筛骨和基蝶骨体除外。上颌窦通过上颌泪孔和腭上颌孔与泪窦和腭窦相连，并通过鼻上颌孔与中鼻道相连。我们的研究结果通过提供瘤牛解剖学的全面图集，为内科兽医和外科医生提供了疾病诊断的详细解剖学知识。