To address ciprofloxacin's (CPF) persistent presence in water and potential ecological and health hazard, the challenge is to develop an effective method for its removal from wastewater. This work is aimed at optimizing the adsorptive removal of ciprofloxacin (CPF) utilizing a Layered Double Hydroxide Pine Cone Biochar composite (LDH/PCBC). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is employed to design the experiments to obtain optimal experimental conditions for improved adsorption processes. The CPF removal efficiency of LDH/PCBC from aqueous solution is found to be 97.6% under optimized conditions (pH = 7, adsorbent dose = 0.45 g/L, initial CPF concentration = 52 mg/L and temperature = 303K). The Freundlich isotherm confirms the best fit, and the Langmuir adsorption capacity of the LDH/PCBC is determined to be 476.2 mg/g at 303K. The pseudo-second-order model fitted the best for adsorption kinetics, suggesting that the adsorption process is directed by chemisorption. The thermodynamic investigation confirmed the endothermic and spontaneous adsorption process (ΔHo=56.9 kJ and ΔGo from -3.2 kJ at 278K to -10.8 kJ at 318K). The study reveals that the LDH/PCBC can be reused effectively with insignificant loss of removal efficiency (~ 6%). The cost of the development and large-scale application of LDH/PCBC for the removal of CPF is $988.75 per ton. The results indicate that the LDH/PCBC outperforms the reported adsorbents for sustainable removal of CPF from aqueous solutions. This is the first report on the use of LDH/PCBC as a cheaper and environment friendly method for the removal of CPF from water.

中文翻译：

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用于增强去除水中环丙沙星的可持续层状双氢氧化物-松果生物炭 (LDH/PCBC) 复合材料


为了解决环丙沙星 (CPF) 在水中的持续存在以及潜在的生态和健康危害，面临的挑战是开发一种有效的方法将其从废水中去除。这项工作旨在利用层状双氢氧化物松果生物炭复合材料 (LDH/PCBC) 优化环丙沙星 (CPF) 的吸附去除。采用响应面方法 (RSM) 来设计实验，以获得改善吸附过程的最佳实验条件。在优化条件下（pH = 7，吸附剂剂量 = 0.45 g/L，CPF 初始浓度 = 52 mg/L，温度 = 303K），LDH/PCBC 从水溶液中的 CPF 去除效率为 97.6%。 Freundlich 等温线证实了最佳拟合，LDH/PCBC 的 Langmuir 吸附容量在 303K 时确定为 476.2 mg/g。伪二阶模型最适合吸附动力学，表明吸附过程是由化学吸附引导的。热力学研究证实了吸热和自发吸附过程（ΔHo=56.9 kJ，ΔGo从278K时的-3.2kJ到318K时的-10.8kJ）。研究表明，LDH/PCBC 可以有效地重复使用，去除效率损失很小（约 6%）。用于去除CPF的LDH/PCBC的开发和大规模应用的成本为每吨988.75美元。结果表明，LDH/PCBC 在从水溶液中可持续去除 CPF 方面优于报道的吸附剂。这是第一份关于使用 LDH/PCBC 作为一种更便宜且环保的方法从水中去除 CPF 的报告。