Self-powered hydrogels have gained attention for addressing energy needs of small flexible devices, but creating ones with high voltage and current remains challenging. Here, we report a novel polyacrylamide hydrogel loaded with copper sulfate and ammonium chloride (PAC), which not only exhibits good mechanical properties (maximum strain of 390 %), high conductivity (conductivity of 2.37 S/m), but also possesses excellent antibacterial and antifreeze properties. PAC demonstrates remarkable stimulus responsiveness. When using resistance variation as the output signal, its value reaches as high as 5.3 within the strain range of 35 % to 280 %. Additionally, PAC can utilize current variation as an output signal, providing options for various sensor applications. On the other hand, PAC hydrogels can achieve self-powering capabilities through zinc electrodes, with an open-circuit voltage of 0.92 V. By connecting PAC hydrogels in parallel or series, higher output voltage and current can be achieved, providing a strong guarantee for powering small devices. In a stacked series configuration, 8 sets of PACs can generate an output voltage of 7.16 V and an output current of 52.6 mA. In sum, PAC is a high-performance self-powered hydrogel with tremendous potential in the fields of flexible sensing and energy supply.

中文翻译：

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自供电、抗冻、抗菌水凝胶，具有高开路电压，可实现灵活的设备供能和刺激反馈


自供电水凝胶因解决小型柔性设备的能源需求而受到关注，但制造具有高电压和电流的水凝胶仍然具有挑战性。在这里，我们报道了一种负载硫酸铜和氯化铵（PAC）的新型聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶，它不仅具有良好的机械性能（最大应变为390%）、高电导率（电导率为2.37 S/m），而且还具有优异的抗菌性和防冻性能。 PAC 表现出卓越的刺激响应能力。当使用电阻变化作为输出信号时，在35%至280%的应变范围内其值高达5.3。此外，PAC 可以利用电流变化作为输出信号，为各种传感器应用提供选项。另一方面，PAC水凝胶可以通过锌电极实现自供电能力，开路电压为0.92V。通过将PAC水凝胶并联或串联，可以实现更高的输出电压和电流，为发电提供有力保障。为小型设备供电。在堆叠串联配置中，8 组 PAC 可产生 7.16 V 的输出电压和 52.6 mA 的输出电流。综上所述，PAC是一种高性能自供电水凝胶，在柔性传感和能源供应领域具有巨大潜力。