Astaxanthin is a valuable orange-red carotenoid with wide applications in agriculture, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals areas. At present, the biological synthesis of astaxanthin mainly relies on and . With the rapid development of synthetic biology, more recombinant microbial hosts have been genetically constructed for astaxanthin production including , and . As multiple genes (15) were involved in the astaxanthin synthesis, it is particularly important to adopt different strategies to balance the metabolic flow towards the astaxanthin synthesis. Furthermore, astaxanthin is a fat-soluble compound stored intracellularly, hence efficient extraction methods are also essential for the economical production of astaxanthin. Several efficient and green extraction methods of astaxanthin have been reported in recent years, including the superfluid extraction, ionic liquid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. Accordingly, this review will comprehensively introduce the advances on the astaxanthin production and extraction by using different microbial hosts and strategies to improve the astaxanthin synthesis and extraction efficiency.

中文翻译：

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虾青素的生物生产：微生物合成和下游提取的全面综述


虾青素是一种有价值的橙红色类胡萝卜素，广泛应用于农业、食品、化妆品、医药和保健品领域。目前虾青素的生物合成主要依靠 和 。随着合成生物学的快速发展，更多的重组微生物宿主已被基因构建用于虾青素生产，包括 、 和 。由于虾青素合成涉及多个基因（15），因此采用不同的策略来平衡虾青素合成的代谢流尤为重要。此外，虾青素是一种储存在细胞内的脂溶性化合物，因此有效的提取方法对于虾青素的经济生产也至关重要。近年来报道了几种高效、绿色的虾青素提取方法，包括超流体提取、离子液体提取和微波辅助提取。因此，本文将全面介绍利用不同微生物宿主生产和提取虾青素的进展以及提高虾青素合成和提取效率的策略。