Despite the implications of winter precipitation for socioeconomic activities and transportation services, the influence of cities on winter precipitation is less studied compared to that on summer precipitation. Here we investigated the statistical relations between precipitation, temperature, and impervious surface fraction in 12 major cities across the contiguous United States. The results showed negative correlations between snowfall intensity and impervious surface fraction. The correlations depend on latitude and the distance to complex terrain features (water bodies or topography), with stronger correlations for inland cities than coastal/lakeside cities. We further selected Kansas City for modeling analyses based on the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Simulation results indicated that the heating effect of urban land occurs in the near-surface atmosphere during the precipitation period, leading to changes of different hydrometers and an overall tendency of reducing snowfall but increasing rainfall.

中文翻译：

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城市对冬季降水影响的统计和模型分析


尽管冬季降水对社会经济活动和交通服务有影响，但与夏季降水相比，城市对冬季降水的影响研究较少。在这里，我们调查了美国本土 12 个主要城市的降水量、温度和不透水表面分数之间的统计关系。结果显示降雪强度与不透水表面比例之间呈负相关。相关性取决于纬度和与复杂地形特征（水体或地形）的距离，内陆城市的相关性比沿海/湖滨城市更强。我们进一步选择堪萨斯城进行基于天气研究和预报模型的建模分析。模拟结果表明，降水期间，城市土地的加热效应发生在近地表大气中，导致不同比重的变化，总体呈现降雪减少、降雨增加的趋势。