Intumescent fire-retardant coatings (IFRC) are widely used in the fire protection of timber and steel buildings. An accurate evaluation of its fire performance is the key to predicting the fire behaviors of buildings. Although many endeavors have been made, a facile and accurate IFRC model with sufficient reaction details is highly desired. ThermaKin can simulate the thermal decomposition of polymers, however, its ability to accurately predict the fire resistance of steel substrate protected by IFRC has not been validated yet. In this study, a numerical model based on ThermaKin is developed to evaluate the fire performance of IFRC. The accuracy of model in predicting the coating thickness (), steel temperature () and in-depth coating temperature () are focused. Based on microscale and bench-scale characterizations, a scheme consisting of 9 consecutive reactions is designed to describe the IFRC pyrolysis. The corresponding kinetic and thermal properties of model reactions and components are either measured or obtained by inverse analysis. The ability of model to predict the fire performance of IFRC is validated by its accurate predictions of the cone calorimeter test. The model well-predicts the evolutions of and in fire performance test with high R of 0.94 and 0.91, respectively. A swelling ratio of 1 combined with the optimized mass transportation coefficient at upper boundary well represents the expansion of IFRC. The predicted reaches the critical temperature 2 min earlier than the measurement indicating a conservative conclusion. Sensitivity analysis shows that the densities of both condensed and gaseous components have major influences on the accuracy of predictions. The model predicts the in-depth at different positions with R > 0.86. This work provides a comprehensive model that quantifies the effectiveness (swelling evolution and thermal insulation) of IFRC with high accuracy with a promising applicability in the construction industry.

中文翻译：

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预测钢基材膨胀型防火涂料防火性能的综合模型


膨胀型防火涂料（IFRC）广泛应用于木结构和钢结构建筑的防火。准确评价其防火性能是预测建筑物火灾行为的关键。尽管已经做出了许多努力，但仍然非常需要一个具有足够反应细节的简便、准确的 IFRC 模型。 ThermaKin 可以模拟聚合物的热分解，但其准确预测受 IFRC 保护的钢基材耐火性能的能力尚未得到验证。在本研究中，开发了基于 ThermaKin 的数值模型来评估 IFRC 的防火性能。重点关注模型预测涂层厚度()、钢材温度()和深度涂层温度()的准确性。基于微尺度和实验室规模的表征，设计了一个由 9 个连续反应组成的方案来描述 IFRC 热解。模型反应和组分的相应动力学和热性质可以通过反演分析测量或获得。通过对锥形量热仪测试的准确预测，验证了模型预测 IFRC 防火性能的能力。该模型很好地预测了防火性能测试中的演变，R 分别高达 0.94 和 0.91。膨胀比为 1 与上边界井优化的传质系数相结合代表了 IFRC 的膨胀。预测值比测量值早 2 分钟达到临界温度，表明结论是保守的。敏感性分析表明，冷凝组分和气态组分的密度对预测的准确性有重大影响。该模型预测不同位置的深度，R > 0.86。 这项工作提供了一个全面的模型，可以高精度量化 IFRC 的有效性（膨胀演变和隔热），在建筑行业具有广阔的应用前景。