Many agricultural problems can be illustrated and solved through long-term field experiments. Since 1967, an experiment has been conducted in Bałcyny, Poland, to compare continuous cropping with growing crops in crop rotation. The experiment also provides information on the history of chemical crop protection, which may have influenced soil and crop contamination with pesticide residues. In this study, fields of winter rye in continuous cropping (CC) and a 5–6-field crop rotation (CR) were used as an example to investigate the occurrence of pesticides in soil and grain in the context of previous use of chemical crop protection products. Two levels of crop protection were also examined: herbicide (since the 1972/73 growing season) and fungicide (since 1982/83) application (HF) and control treatment (CT; no herbicides since 1972/73, no fungicides since 1982/83). Insecticides were used only when absolutely necessary. Between 1967 and 2019, 58 different active substances were applied to the fields selected for this study. Soil and grain samples collected in 2019 after rye harvest were analyzed for the presence of 441 and 496 different substances, respectively. Only DDT and its metabolites were detected in soil, even though DDT was not applied to the fields after 1967. The concentration of ΣDDT (sum of all metabolites and isomers) ranged from 038 to 130 µg kg soil and exceeded the limit set in Poland (120 µg kg) under CR-HF treatment. In winter rye grain, no pesticide residues were found. The results show that long-term rational use of less persistent pesticides does not lead to contamination of the soil or the test cereal grain, but DDT continues to threaten the environment five decades after its probable last use. The study points to the value of comprehensive long-term recording for providing a retrospective assessment of pesticide exposure. Long-term field experiments facilitate this approach.

中文翻译：

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波兰Bałcyny 50多年的耕作系统田间试验：从田间施用历史的角度评估土壤和作物中的农药残留


许多农业问题可以通过长期的田间试验来说明和解决。自 1967 年以来，波兰巴乌西尼进行了一项实验，比较连作与轮作种植作物。该实验还提供了有关化学作物保护历史的信息，化学作物保护可能影响了农药残留对土壤和作物的污染。本研究以连作（CC）和5-6田轮作（CR）的冬黑麦田为例，调查以前使用化学作物的背景下土壤和谷物中农药的存在情况保护产品。还审查了两个级别的作物保护：除草剂（自 1972/73 生长季以来）和杀菌剂（自 1982/83 年以来）施用（HF）和控制处理（CT；自 1972/73 年以来不再使用除草剂，自 1982/83 年以来不再使用杀菌剂） ）。仅在绝对必要时才使用杀虫剂。 1967 年至 2019 年间，58 种不同的活性物质被应用于本研究选定的领域。对 2019 年黑麦收获后收集的土壤和谷物样本进行了分析，分别检测出 441 种和 496 种不同物质的存在。尽管 1967 年之后不再将 DDT 施用于田间，但土壤中仅检测到 DDT 及其代谢物。ΣDDT（所有代谢物和异构体的总和）浓度范围为 038 至 130 µg/kg 土壤，超出了波兰规定的限值（ 120 µg kg) CR-HF 处理下。冬季黑麦籽粒中未发现农药残留。结果表明，长期合理使用持久性较低的农药不会导致土壤或测试谷物受到污染，但滴滴涕在可能的最后一次使用五年后仍然继续威胁着环境。 该研究指出了全面的长期记录对于提供农药暴露回顾性评估的价值。长期的现场实验促进了这种方法的发展。