The study aimed to measure soil-atmosphere N₂O fluxes and their controlling factors, as well as NH₃ emissions and yields for two soils (silt loam and clay loam) in three management systems over two years under subsequent wheat and maize cultivation. The management systems were characterized as follows: (1) cash crop (C) with mineral fertilizer and conventional tillage; (2) livestock (L) with biogas residue fertilization and its incorporation prior to sowing in maize and reduced tillage; and (3) climate optimized (O) with minimum tillage, 8-year crop rotation, with biogas residue fertilization, in maize without incorporation in clay loam soil or incorporation by strip-tillage prior to seeding in silt loam soil. Stable isotope ratios of N₂O and mineral N were determined to identify N₂O processes. Within the organically fertilized maize treatments, cumulative N₂O fluxes were highest in the O-system treatments of both sites (4.0 to 9.4 kg N ha^− 1 a^− 1), i.e. more than twice as high as in the L-system (1.5 to 3.1 kg N ha^− 1 a^− 1). Below root-strip till fertilizer application did not enhance N₂O fluxes. Fluxes with mineral fertilization of wheat (1.1 to 3.1 kg N ha^− 1 a^− 1) were not different from those with organic fertilization. Isotopic values of emitted N₂O revealed that bacterial denitrification dominated most of the peak flux events, while the N₂O/(N₂ + N₂O) ratio of denitrification was mostly between 0.1 and 0.5. It can be concluded that, contrary to the intention to lower greenhouse gas fluxes by the O-system management, the highest N₂O fluxes occurred in the O-system without biogas digestate incorporation in maize. With respect to NH₃ fluxes, we could confirm that the application of digestate application in growing crops without incorporation or late incorporation in fertilization before sowing induces high fluxes. The beneficial aspects of the O-system including more stable soil structure and resource conservation, are thus potentially counteracted by increased N₂O and NH₃ emissions.

该研究旨在测量三种管理中两种土壤（粉质壤土和粘壤土）的土壤-大气 N ₂ O 通量及其控制因素，以及 NH ₃ 排放和产量。系统在随后的小麦和玉米种植中持续了两年。管理制度特点如下：（1）经济作物（C）施矿肥、常规耕作； (2) 牲畜（L）沼渣施肥及其在玉米播种前掺入并减少耕作； (3) 气候优化 (O)，采用最少耕作、8 年轮作、沼渣施肥，玉米无需掺入粘壤土或在粉砂壤土中播种前进行条耕掺入。测定 N ₂ O 和矿物 N 的稳定同位素比来识别 N ₂ O 过程。在有机施肥玉米处理中，累积 N ₂ O 通量在两个地点的 O 系统处理中最高（4.0 至 9.4 kg N ha ^− 1 a ^− 1 ），即比 L 系统高出两倍多（1.5 至 3.1 kg N ha ^− 1 a ^− 1 ）。根带以下直至施肥并未增强 N ₂ O 通量。小麦施矿肥的通量（1.1至3.1千克氮·公顷 ^− 1 a ^− 1 ）与有机肥的通量没有差异。排放的 N ₂ O 同位素值表明细菌反硝化作用主导了大部分峰值通量事件，而 N ₂ O/(N ₂ + N ₂ O)反硝化比大多在0.1～0.5之间。 可以得出结论，与 O 系统管理降低温室气体通量的意图相反，最高的 N ₂ O 通量出现在玉米中未掺入沼气沼渣的 O 系统中。关于 NH ₃ 通量，我们可以证实，在生长中的作物中施用消化物而不掺入或在播种前施肥中后期掺入会引起高通量。 O 系统的有益方面，包括更稳定的土壤结构和资源保护，可能会被 N ₂ O 和 NH ₃ 排放量的增加所抵消。