The intercropping of winter oilseed rape with frost-sensitive service plants can provide a diversity of services including weed control and N supply for oilseed rape. This practice started to be adopted by farmers and has therefore become one of the most popular intercropping in Western Europe. However, in Switzerland, such intercropping leads to contrasting yields. The growth of service plants and the benefits they provide have also been found to be variable. The factors explaining these variabilities remain unclear. Our study aimed to better understand this variability under a temperate climate thanks to the regional agronomic diagnosis framework. In this study, we first investigated the main factors explaining this variability and then aimed to rank them to identify ways to better manage such intercropping systems. A network of 28 farmers’ fields planted with winter oilseed rape intercropped with service plant mixtures was studied. Farmers’ practices were diverse in terms of specific composition of the service plant mixture, pest management, and fertilization. We observed that the growth of oilseed rape and service plants in fall was highly variable. We determined that in late fall, the main drivers of the service plant mixture dry weight were specific composition of the mixture and precipitation. The introduction of buckwheat in the service plant mixture enhanced its late fall biomass. The oilseed rape grain yields ranged from 0.4 to 5.0 t ha⁻¹ and were lower than that of the local reference in 75% of the fields. This was mainly explained by insect pest damage in spring due to a very limited use of insecticide in our field network combined with a lack of alternative pest management strategies. This work provides further elements to investigate the causes leading to the high variability we observed, together with the local observations that will benefit the farmers.

冬季油菜与霜冻敏感性服务植物间作可以为油菜提供杂草控制和氮供应等多种服务。这种做法开始被农民采用，因此成为西欧最流行的间作作物之一。然而，在瑞士，这种间作会导致产量形成鲜明对比。服务工厂的增长及其提供的效益也存在变化。解释这些差异的因素仍不清楚。我们的研究旨在借助区域农艺诊断框架更好地了解温带气候下的这种变异性。在这项研究中，我们首先调查了解释这种变异性的主要因素，然后对它们进行排名，以确定更好地管理此类间作系统的方法。对 28 个种植冬季油菜和服务植物混合物的农民田地网络进行了研究。农民的做法在服务植物混合物的具体组成、害虫管理和施肥方面各不相同。我们观察到，秋季油菜和服务植物的生长变化很大。我们确定，在深秋，服务植物混合物干重的主要驱动因素是混合物的具体成分和降水。在服务植物混合物中引入荞麦增强了其晚秋生物量。油菜籽粒产量0.4～5.0吨公顷 ⁻¹ ，75%的田块低于当地参考产量。这主要是由于我们的田间网络中杀虫剂的使用非常有限，加上缺乏替代性害虫管理策略，导致春季虫害造成的损害。 这项工作提供了进一步的要素来调查导致我们观察到的高变异性的原因，以及将使农民受益的当地观察结果。