Diagnostic cystoscopy in combination with transurethral resection of the bladder tumour are the standard for the diagnosis, surgical treatment and surveillance of bladder cancer. The ability to inspect the bladder in its current form stems from a long chain of advances in imaging science and endoscopy. Despite these advances, bladder cancer recurrence and progression rates remain high after endoscopic resection. This stagnation is a result of the heterogeneity of cancer biology as well as limitations in surgical techniques and tools, as incomplete resection and provider-specific differences affect cancer persistence and early recurrence. An unmet clinical need remains for solutions that can improve tumour delineation and resection. Translational advances in enhanced cystoscopy technologies and artificial intelligence offer promising avenues to overcoming the progress plateau.

诊断性膀胱镜检查与经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术相结合是膀胱癌诊断、手术治疗和监测的标准。以当前形式检查膀胱的能力源于成像科学和内窥镜检查的一系列进步。尽管取得了这些进展，但内镜切除后膀胱癌的复发和进展率仍然很高。这种停滞是由于癌症生物学的异质性以及手术技术和工具的局限性造成的，因为不完全切除和提供者特定的差异会影响癌症的持续存在和早期复发。对于能够改善肿瘤勾画和切除的解决方案，临床需求仍然未得到满足。增强型膀胱镜检查技术和人工智能的转化进步为克服进展平台提供了有希望的途径。