Diagnostic cystoscopy in combination with transurethral resection of the bladder tumour are the standard for the diagnosis, surgical treatment and surveillance of bladder cancer. The ability to inspect the bladder in its current form stems from a long chain of advances in imaging science and endoscopy. Despite these advances, bladder cancer recurrence and progression rates remain high after endoscopic resection. This stagnation is a result of the heterogeneity of cancer biology as well as limitations in surgical techniques and tools, as incomplete resection and provider-specific differences affect cancer persistence and early recurrence. An unmet clinical need remains for solutions that can improve tumour delineation and resection. Translational advances in enhanced cystoscopy technologies and artificial intelligence offer promising avenues to overcoming the progress plateau.

诊断性膀胱镜检查联合经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术是膀胱癌诊断、手术治疗和监测的标准。能够检查当前形式的膀胱源于成像科学和内窥镜检查的一长串进步。尽管取得了这些进展，但内窥镜切除术后膀胱癌的复发率和进展率仍然很高。这种停滞是癌症生物学异质性以及手术技术和工具局限性的结果，因为不完全切除和提供者特异性差异会影响癌症持续性和早期复发。对可以改善肿瘤勾画和切除的解决方案的临床需求仍未得到满足。增强型膀胱镜技术和人工智能的转化进步为克服进展停滞提供了有希望的途径。