Nitrogen-containing chemicals (e.g., pyrroles, indoles, pyridines, and their derivatives) are platform compounds for the synthesis of agricultural chemicals and drugs. The production of high-value nitrogen-containing chemicals from biomass has significant potential to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. The fundamental concepts, reaction mechanisms, and regulatory mechanisms in the production steps of nitrogen-containing compounds (NCCs) still lack in-depth and systematic discussion. This paper focuses on the production processes of NCCs derived from lignocellulosic biomass and nitrogen-rich organic solid waste. It summarizes and categorizes the types of raw materials used and explores common pretreatment methods and their operating principles. From the perspective of molecular structure evolution, it explains the reaction pathways for modulating precursors of NCCs, detailing the formation processes and regulatory mechanisms of isotropic and intermediate phase products. It is evident that nitrogen in NCCs is enriched through the migration and transformation of endogenous and exogenous nitrogen in various forms. The optimal pyrolysis temperature for obtaining nitrogen-rich bio-oil is between 400–650 °C. Co-pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis are the most effective methods for utilizing various forms of nitrogen to produce valuable NCCs, with selectivity exceeding 50 %. Overall, this review comprehensively summarizes the compositional features of lignocellulosic biomass and nitrogen-rich substances, the conversion pathways for nitrogen-rich pyrolysis, and the formation routes of NCCs. Finally, the technical challenges and future development directions for preparing NCCs are proposed and discussed.

中文翻译：

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利用木质纤维素生物质和富氮有机固体废物热解制备含氮化学品：特征、反应机制和原料相互作用


含氮化学品（例如吡咯、吲哚、吡啶及其衍生物）是用于合成农用化学品和药物的平台化合物。利用生物质生产高价值含氮化学品具有减少能源消耗和碳排放的巨大潜力。含氮化合物（NCCs）生产过程中的基本概念、反应机制和调控机制仍缺乏深入、系统的讨论。本文重点研究源自木质纤维素生物质和富氮有机固体废物的NCCs的生产过程。对所用原料的种类进行了总结和分类，探讨了常用的预处理方法及其操作原理。从分子结构演化的角度解释了NCCs前驱体调控的反应途径，详细阐述了各向同性和中间相产物的形成过程和调控机制。很明显，NCCs中的氮通过各种形式的内源和外源氮的迁移和转化而富集。获得富氮生物油的最佳热解温度在400-650℃之间。共热解和催化热解是利用各种形式的氮生产有价值的NCCs的最有效方法，选择性超过50%。总体而言，本文全面总结了木质纤维素生物质和富氮物质的组成特征、富氮热解的转化途径以及NCCs的形成途径。最后，提出并讨论了NCC制备的技术挑战和未来发展方向。