The development of neoplasia involves a complex and continuous interplay between malignantly transformed cells and the tumour microenvironment (TME). Cancer immunotherapies targeting the immune TME have been increasingly validated in clinical trials but response rates vary substantially between tumour histologies and are often transient, idiosyncratic and confounded by resistance. Faithful experimental models of the patient-specific tumour immune microenvironment, capable of recapitulating tumour biology and immunotherapy effects, would greatly improve patient selection, target identification and definition of resistance mechanisms for immuno-oncology therapeutics. In this Review, we discuss currently available and rapidly evolving 3D tumour organoid models that capture important immune features of the TME. We highlight diverse opportunities for organoid-based investigations of tumour immunity, drug development and precision medicine.

肿瘤的发展涉及恶性转化细胞和肿瘤微环境（TME）之间复杂且持续的相互作用。针对免疫 TME 的癌症免疫疗法已在临床试验中得到越来越多的验证，但不同肿瘤组织学的缓解率差异很大，而且往往是短暂的、特殊的，并且因耐药性而混乱。患者特异性肿瘤免疫微环境的忠实实验模型能够重现肿瘤生物学和免疫治疗效果，将极大地改善免疫肿瘤治疗的患者选择、靶点识别和耐药机制的定义。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了当前可用且快速发展的 3D 肿瘤类器官模型，这些模型捕获了 TME 的重要免疫特征。我们强调基于类器官的肿瘤免疫、药物开发和精准医学研究的多种机会。