Real-time electron dynamics studies of complex systems require bright attosecond pump-probe capabilities at X-ray wavelengths. Nano-focusing schemes reaching intensities in excess of 1022 W cm–2 and superradiant cascaded amplification of attosecond pulses to TW powers at free-electron lasers are providing transformative capabilities in this burgeoning field.

中文翻译：

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X射线科学前沿超短、超强


复杂系统的实时电子动力学研究需要 X 射线波长下的明亮阿秒泵浦探测能力。强度超过 1022 W cm-2 的纳米聚焦方案以及自由电子激光器中阿秒脉冲至 TW 功率的超辐射级联放大为这一新兴领域提供了变革能力。