Two-stage hierarchical clustering for analysis and classification of mineral sunscreen and naturally occurring nanoparticles in river water using single-particle ICP-TOFMS,Environmental Science: Nano

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Two-stage hierarchical clustering for analysis and classification of mineral sunscreen and naturally occurring nanoparticles in river water using single-particle ICP-TOFMS
Environmental Science: Nano ( IF 5.8 ) Pub Date : 2024-07-08 , DOI: 10.1039/d4en00288a
Hark Karkee ₁ , Alexander Gundlach-Graham ₁

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Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and zinc oxide (ZnO) engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are used in mineral-based sunscreens due to their excellent ultraviolet light protection abilities. Over time, surface water can become contaminated with these particles because of human recreational activities such as bathing, swimming, and other water sports. Thus, there is a need to measure these engineered particles present in surface waters to gain better understanding of anthropogenic inputs. In this study, we measure natural stream water spiked with mineral sunscreen along with naturally occurring NPs and microparticles (μPs) at the single-particle level using single-particle inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (spICP-TOFMS). We use two-stage hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) to identify distinct multi-elemental compositions that are characteristic of sunscreen-derived particles. Specifically, sunscreen NPs can be isolated from naturally occurring NPs and μPs based on elevated Ti and Zn mass fractions in individual particles compared to natural particles that are rich in Fe, Al, Mn, Ti, Mg, Zn, Ce, La, and/or Pb. Based on clusters assigned by HCA, we demonstrate classification of sunscreen-derived Ti and Zn NPs across more than two orders of magnitude and at number concentrations up to 50 times lower than those of naturally occurring Ti- and Zn-containing particles. This study demonstrates the accurate class assignment of sunscreen released and naturally occurring particles in river water.

中文翻译：

使用单颗粒 ICP-TOFMS 进行两阶段层次聚类分析和分类河水中的矿物防晒霜和天然存在的纳米颗粒

二氧化钛 (TiO ₂ ) 和氧化锌 (ZnO) 工程纳米颗粒 (NP) 因其优异的紫外线防护能力而被用于矿物防晒霜中。随着时间的推移，由于人类的娱乐活动，如洗澡、游泳和其他水上运动，地表水可能会被这些颗粒污染。因此，需要测量地表水中存在的这些工程颗粒，以更好地了解人为输入。在这项研究中，我们使用单颗粒电感耦合等离子体飞行时间质谱 (spICP-TOFMS) 在单颗粒水平上测量添加了矿物防晒霜以及天然存在的纳米粒子和微粒 (μP) 的天然溪流水。我们使用两阶段层次聚类分析 (HCA) 来识别防晒霜衍生颗粒特征的不同多元素成分。具体而言，与富含 Fe、Al、Mn、Ti、Mg、Zn、Ce、La 和/和的天然颗粒相比，可以根据单个颗粒中 Ti 和 Zn 质量分数的升高，从天然存在的 NP 和 μP 中分离出防晒纳米颗粒。或铅。基于 HCA 分配的簇，我们证明了防晒霜衍生的钛和锌纳米颗粒的分类，其数量级比天然存在的含钛和锌颗粒低 50 倍以上，且数量浓度低 50 倍。这项研究展示了河水中释放的防晒霜和自然产生的颗粒的准确类别分配。

更新日期：2024-07-08

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