Plastic pollution, a pervasive environmental crisis, arises from the improper disposal of non-biodegradable plastics, endangering species and ecosystems worldwide. While microplastics (MPs) have been extensively studied in various ecosystems, they have received scant attention in port environments, despite their pervasive presence. This review selected published articles conducted in ports worldwide between 2010 and 2024 to determine the concentration, accumulation characteristics, and driving factors. A total of 57 studies across 78 ports met the selection criteria, examining water, sediment, and biota in 49, 51, and 23 ports, respectively. The average concentrations of MPs in water collected by net and grab sampling, sediment, fish, and invertebrates were approximately 39.2 ± 68.4 items/m³, 4100.7 ± 5761.8 items/m³, 243.6 ± 240.2 items/kg, 26.1 ± 21.1 items/individual, and 9.4 ± 8.1 items/individual in ports worldwide, respectively. Asia and the Americas exhibited the highest concentration of MPs in ports across all media. The dominant MP morphotypes included fibers, fragments, films, foams, pellets, and spheres, with sizes frequently between 1 and 1000 μm in biota and water and between 1 and 5 mm in sediments. Port structures and the presence of rivers are key drivers of MP accumulation. MP pollution in ports poses potential ecological and health risks. Among the studied ports, 23% had MP numbers in sediment greater than the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). The presence of MP in biota and the capability of MP to adsorb other contaminants pose a threat to human health.

中文翻译：

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全球港口中的塑料微粒：环境问题还是高估了污染水平？


塑料污染是一种普遍的环境危机，源于不可生物降解塑料的不当处置，危及全球物种和生态系统。虽然微塑料 （MP） 已在各种生态系统中进行了广泛研究，但尽管它们无处不在，但它们在港口环境中却很少受到关注。本综述选择了 2010 年至 2024 年间在全球港口发表的文章，以确定浓度、积累特征和驱动因素。共有 57 项研究，来自 78 个港口，分别检查了 49、51 和 23 个港口的水、沉积物和生物群落。全球港口通过网和抓样采集的水、沉积物、鱼类和无脊椎动物收集的水、沉积物、鱼类和无脊椎动物中 MPS 的平均浓度约为 39.2 ± 68.4 项/m³、4100.7 ± 5761.8 项/m³、243.6 ± 240.2 项/kg、26.1 ± 21.1 项/个体以及 9.4 ± 8.1 项/个体。在所有媒体中，亚洲和美洲的 MP 在港口的集中度最高。主要的 MP 形态型包括纤维、碎片、薄膜、泡沫、颗粒和球体，在生物群和水中的大小通常在 1 到 1000 μm 之间，在沉积物中的大小通常在 1 到 5 mm 之间。港口结构和河流的存在是 MP 积累的关键驱动因素。港口的 MP 污染会带来潜在的生态和健康风险。在研究的港口中，23% 的沉积物中的 MP 值大于预测的无影响浓度 （PNEC）。生物群中存在 MP 以及 MP 吸附其他污染物的能力对人类健康构成威胁。