Estrogens are a group of endocrine disruptors that are recognized as a threat to the world's ecosystems and are easily transported through aquatic systems from mainly anthropogenic sources. To illustrate this growing problem, we have compiled a global overview of measured concentrations of natural and synthetic estrogens restricted to freshwater systems (lakes, rivers, and lagoons) and marine coastal and open ocean environments, focusing on estrone (E1), 17 $\upbeta$ -estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17 $\upalpha$ -ethinylestradiol (EE2). We found that the cumulative risk quotient is high at 65% of 400 sampled sites, highlighting that estrogen pollution is a major environmental concern. Our investigation revealed that almost no information is available on the concentration levels of E1, E2, E3, and EE2 for the open ocean areas. However, their occurrence in all systems, including open seas, suggests that estrogens are not completely degraded during transport to and within the environment and may be more persistent than previously thought.

中文翻译：

---

水生系统中天然和合成雌激素的全球清单


雌激素是一组内分泌干扰物，被认为对世界生态系统构成威胁，很容易通过水生系统从主要人为来源运输。为了说明这个日益严重的问题，我们编制了一份仅限于淡水系统（湖泊、河流和泻湖）以及沿海和开阔海洋环境的天然和合成雌激素测量浓度的全球概述，重点关注雌酮 （E1）、17 $\upbeta$ -雌二醇 （E2）、雌三醇 （E3） 和 17 $\upalpha$ -炔雌醇 （EE2）。我们发现，在 400 个采样地点中，累积风险商高达 65%，这凸显了雌激素污染是一个主要的环境问题。我们的调查显示，几乎没有关于公海区域 E1、E2、E3 和 EE2 浓度水平的信息。然而，它们存在于所有系统（包括公海）中，这表明雌激素在运输到环境中和在环境中运输过程中并没有完全降解，并且可能比以前认为的更持久。