Abstract. To investigate the historical levels of atmospheric ammonia (NH₃) pollution in south-eastern Europe, a 182 m long ice core was extracted from Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus, Russia. This ice core contains a record of ammonium (NH₄⁺) levels from ~1750 CE (Common Era) to 2009 CE. The NH₄⁺ ice core record indicates a 3.5-fold increase of annual concentrations from 34 ± 7 ng g^-1 (~1750–1830) to 117 ± 23 ng g^-1 over the recent decades (1980–2009). The increase remained moderate until 1950 CE (mean concentration of 49 ± 14 ng g^-1 over the 1830–1950 period), and then accelerated to reach a maximum close to 120 ng g^-1 in 1989. This ice core trend is compared to estimated past anthropogenic NH₃ emissions in Europe by using state-of-the-art atmospheric transport modeling of submicron aerosols (FLEXPART model driven with 0.5° x 0.5° ERA5 reanalysis data). It is shown that in summer, when both vertical atmospheric mixing and agricultural NH₃ emissions are strengthened, the NH₄⁺ ice core trend is in good agreement with the course of estimated NH₃ emissions from south-eastern Europe since ~1750 with a main contribution from south European Russia, Turkey, Georgia, and Ukraine. Examination of Mount Elbrus ice deposited over the second half of the 18^th century when agricultural activities were less than 10% of those during the 1990s, suggest a pre-1750 annual NH₄⁺ ice concentration related to natural emissions of 25 ng g^-1. This pre-1750 natural level mainly related to natural soil emissions represents ~20% of the 1980–2009 NH₄⁺ level, a level mainly related to current agricultural emissions that almost completely outweigh biogenic emissions from natural soils.

中文翻译：

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测量报告：根据厄尔布鲁士山（俄罗斯高加索）冰芯记录推断 18 世纪以来东南欧氨排放量的变化


摘要。为了调查东南欧大气氨 (NH ₃ ) 污染的历史水平，从俄罗斯高加索地区的厄尔布鲁士山提取了 182 m 长的冰芯。该冰芯包含从公元 1750 年（公元）到 2009 年的铵 (NH ₄ ⁺ ) 水平记录。 NH ₄ ⁺ 冰芯记录表明年浓度增加了 3.5 倍，从 34 ± 7 ng g ^-1 (~1750–1830) 增加到 117 ±近几十年（1980-2009）23 ng g ^-1 。直到公元 1950 年，这种增加一直保持适度（1830-1950 年期间的平均浓度为 49 ± 14 ng g ^-1 ），然后加速达到接近 120 ng g ^-1 的最大值1989 年。通过使用最先进的亚微米气溶胶大气传输模型（使用 0.5° x 0.5° ERA5 驱动的 FLEXPART 模型），将这一冰芯趋势与欧洲过去估计的人为 NH ₃ 排放量进行比较重新分析数据）。结果表明，夏季，当大气垂直混合和农业NH ₃ 排放均加强时，NH ₄ ⁺ 冰芯趋势与自 1750 年以来东南欧估计的 NH ₃ 排放过程，主要来自南欧俄罗斯、土耳其、格鲁吉亚和乌克兰。对 18 ^th 世纪下半叶厄尔布鲁士山冰沉积的检查表明，当时的农业活动不到 1990 年代的 10%，表明 1750 年前的年度 NH ₄ < b16>与 25 ng g 自然排放量相关的冰浓度 ^-1 。 这一 1750 年之前的自然水平主要与自然土壤排放有关，约占 1980-2009 年 NH ₄ ⁺ 水平的 20%，该水平主要与当前农业排放有关，几乎完全超过自然土壤的生物排放。