Spent cooking oil (SCO) was transformed into spent cooking oil methyl ester (SCOME) via CLAC@SOH supported on novel peel as a renewable acid catalyst through esterification. The characteristics of the engineered catalyst were performed by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive x-ray (EDAX). The parameters that influence SCOME conversion were optimized utilizing response surface methodology (RSM). Using CLAC@SOH catalyst (6 wt%), the conversion of SCO with methanol with 40 wt% (equivalent molar ratio of 12:1) gave 98.84 % SCOME conversion after 90 min at 65 °C. The catalyst’s economic viability and deactivation study were also tested, and the catalyst yielded a biodiesel conversion > 75 wt% after four subsequent cycles. The most crucial quotient for evaluating catalyst activity, TOF (turnover frequency), was determined to be 0.0126 mol/g.h. Investigation of the two types of kinetic analysis was conducted for the esterification reaction, and it followed the pseudo-first-order reaction with activation energy (E) of 55.87 kJ/mol for the reaction. In addition, the thermodynamic functions estimated that the reaction was a non-spontaneous and endergonic character. FTIR and GC–MS analyses confirmed biodiesel production, with its characterizations similar to ASTM standards. As calculated using cost analysis, the cost of CLAC@SOH and SCOME was $3.93/kg and $0.511/kg, subsequently signifying its outstanding economic viability.

中文翻译：

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使用生物 CLAC@SO3H 重新利用废食用油生产生物柴油：扩大规模潜力评估


通过负载在新型果皮上的 CLAC@SOH 作为可再生酸催化剂，通过酯化将废食用油 (SCO) 转化为废食用油甲酯 (SCOME)。通过热重分析（TGA）、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller（BET）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等手段对工程催化剂的特性进行了表征。能量色散 X 射线 (EDAX)。利用响应面法 (RSM) 优化了影响 SCOME 转换的参数。使用 CLAC@SOH 催化剂 (6 wt%)，SCO 与甲醇的转化率为 40 wt%（当量摩尔比 12:1），在 65 °C 下 90 分钟后，SCOME 转化率为 98.84%。还测试了催化剂的经济可行性和失活研究，在四个后续循环后，催化剂的生物柴油转化率> 75 wt%。评估催化剂活性最关键的商 TOF（周转频率）确定为 0.0126 mol/g.h。对酯化反应进行了两种类型的动力学分析，结果表明该反应遵循准一级反应，反应活化能 (E) 为 55.87 kJ/mol。此外，热力学函数估计该反应具有非自发和吸能特征。 FTIR 和 GC-MS 分析证实了生物柴油的生产，其特征与 ASTM 标准相似。通过成本分析计算，CLAC@SOH和SCOME的成本分别为$3.93/kg和$0.511/kg，由此可见其出色的经济可行性。