Inoculation of cyanobacteria has been studied as a valuable approach to promote soil stabilization and fertilization and counteract the erosion of marginal soils. One of the results of the inoculation of cyanobacteria is the formation of biological soil crusts, or biocrusts, which are complex soil communities playing a pivotal role in providing essential ecosystem services in drylands. While numerous studies have addressed the effects of different biocrust attributes on ecosystem functions, few studies have focused on the distribution of biocrust successional stages in the soil and their link with soil fertility properties. In this work, we investigated how the distribution of biocrust types (cyano-crust; cyano/moss crust, and moss crust) is related to soil nutrient status. We evaluated phototrophic abundance, exopolysaccharide production, and nutrient content in distinct biocrust types in an experimental area in the Hopq Desert, China, where their occurrence had been induced by cyanobacteria inoculation. In addition, we investigated the correlation between these variables. Photosynthetic pigment content, total carbohydrates, exopolysaccharides, organic C, and total N increased during the biocrust maturation stages. We found significant correlations between the levels of organic C, total carbohydrates, and total N with the abundance of diazotrophic cyanobacteria. Organic N was greater in the cyano/moss crust, while available P accumulated mainly in the cyano-crust. The three biocrust types are essential to each other as each represents a stage in which distinct nutrients are stored. This study complements previous studies by offering a more comprehensive view of how phototrophic variability in the distribution of biocrusts dominated by cyanobacteria or by mosses is closely interconnected with nutrient content and biocrust development.