Heart valve replacement surgeries are performed on patients suffering from abnormal heart valve function. In these operations, the problematic tissue is replaced with mechanical valves or with bioprosthetics that are being developed. The thrombotic effect of mechanical valves, reflecting the need for lifelong use of anticoagulation drugs, and the short‐lived nature of biological valves make these two types of valves problematic. In addition, they cannot adapt to the somatic growth of young patients. Although decellularized scaffolds have shown some promise, a successful translation has so far evaded. Although decellularized porcine xenografts have been extensively studied in the literature, they have several disadvantages, such as a propensity for calcification in the implant model, a risk of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) infection, and a high xenoantigen density. As seen in clinical data, it is clear that there are biocompatibility problems in almost all studies. However, since decellularized sheep heart valves have not been tried in the clinic, a large data pool could not be established. This review compares and contrasts decellularized porcine and sheep xenografts for heart valve tissue engineering. It reveals that decellularized sheep heart valves can be an alternative to pigs in terms of biocompatibility. In addition, it highlights the potential advantages of bioinks derived from the decellularized extracellular matrix in 3D bioprinting technology, emphasizing that they can be a new alternative for the application. We also outline the future prospects of using sheep xenografts for heart valve tissue engineering.

中文翻译：

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异种供体脱细胞器官的研究进展：绵羊和猪来源的心脏瓣膜研究综述


心脏瓣膜置换手术是对心脏瓣膜功能异常的患者进行的。在这些手术中，有问题的组织被机械瓣膜或正在开发的生物假体取代。机械瓣膜的血栓形成作用反映了终生使用抗凝药物的必要性，以及生物瓣膜的短暂性使这两种类型的瓣膜出现问题。此外，他们无法适应年轻患者的躯体生长。尽管脱细胞支架显示出一些前景，但到目前为止还没有成功翻译。尽管脱细胞的猪异种移植物已在文献中进行了广泛研究，但它们也有几个缺点，例如植入模型中容易钙化、猪内源性逆转录病毒 （PERV） 感染的风险以及高异种抗原密度。从临床数据中可以看出，很明显几乎所有研究都存在生物相容性问题。然而，由于尚未在临床上试用脱细胞的绵羊心脏瓣膜，因此无法建立大型数据库。本综述比较和对比了脱细胞猪和绵羊异种移植物用于心脏瓣膜组织工程。它揭示了脱细胞的绵羊心脏瓣膜在生物相容性方面可以替代猪。此外，它强调了 3D 生物打印技术中脱细胞细胞外基质衍生的生物墨水的潜在优势，强调它们可以成为该应用的新替代品。我们还概述了使用绵羊异种移植物进行心脏瓣膜组织工程的未来前景。