Cascading failures pose a significant security threat to networked systems, with recent global incidents underscoring their destructive potential. The security threat of cascading failures has always existed, but the evolution of cyber_physical systems (CPSs) has introduced novel dimensions to cascading failures, intensifying their threats owing to the intricate fusion of cyber and physical domains. Addressing these threats requires a nuanced understanding achieved through failure modeling and vulnerability analysis. By analyzing the historical failures in different CPSs, the cascading failure in CPSs is comprehensively defined as a complicated propagation process in coupled cyber and physical systems, initialized by natural accidents or human interference, which exhibits a progressive evolution within the networked structure and ultimately results in unexpected large-scale systemic failures. Subsequently, this study advances the development of instructions for modeling cascading failures and conducting vulnerability analyses within CPSs. The examination also delves into the core challenges inherent in these methodologies. Moreover, a comprehensive survey and classification of extant research methodologies and solutions are undertaken, accompanied by a concise evaluation of their advancements and limitations. To validate the performance of these methodologies, numerical experiments are conducted to ascertain their distinct features. In conclusion, this article advocates for future research initiatives, particularly emphasizing the exploration of uncertainty analysis, defense strategies, and verification platforms. By addressing these areas, the resilience of CPSs against cascading failures can be significantly enhanced.

中文翻译：

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网络物理系统中的级联故障：故障建模和漏洞分析综述


级联故障对网络系统构成重大安全威胁，最近发生的全球事件凸显了其破坏性潜力。级联故障的安全威胁一直存在，但网络物理系统（CPS）的发展为级联故障引入了新的维度，由于网络和物理领域的复杂融合而加剧了其威胁。应对这些威胁需要通过故障建模和漏洞分析获得细致入微的理解。通过分析不同CPS的历史故障，CPS的级联故障被全面定义为耦合的信息和物理系统中的复杂传播过程，由自然事故或人为干扰引发，在网络结构内呈现渐进式演化，最终导致意外的大规模系统性故障。随后，这项研究推进了对级联故障进行建模并在 CPS 内进行漏洞分析的指令的开发。该检查还深入研究了这些方法论固有的核心挑战。此外，对现有的研究方法和解决方案进行了全面的调查和分类，并对其进展和局限性进行了简明评估。为了验证这些方法的性能，进行了数值实验以确定它们的独特特征。总之，本文倡导未来的研究举措，特别强调不确定性分析、防御策略和验证平台的探索。通过解决这些问题，可以显着增强 CPS 针对级联故障的恢复能力。