Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered a vital component of cell-to-cell communication and represent a new frontier in diagnostics and a means to identify pathways for therapeutic intervention. Recently, studies have revealed the importance of tissue-derived EVs (Ti-EVs), which are EVs present in the interstitial spaces between cells, as they better represent the underlying physiology of complex, multicellular tissue microenvironments in biology and disease. EVs are native, lipid bilayer membraned nano-sized particles produced by all cells that are packaged with varied functional biomolecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They are implicated in short- and long-range cellular communication and may elicit functional responses in recipient cells. To date, studies have often utilized cultured cells or biological fluids as a source for EVs that do not capture local molecular signatures of the tissue microenvironment. Recent work utilizing Ti-EVs has elucidated novel biomarkers for disease and provided insights into disease mechanisms that may lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents. Still, there are considerable challenges facing current studies. This review explores the vast potential and unique challenges for Ti-EV research and provides considerations for future studies that seek to advance this exciting field.

中文翻译：

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组织源性细胞外囊泡的前景与挑战


细胞外囊泡（EV）被认为是细胞间通讯的重要组成部分，代表了诊断学的新领域和确定治疗干预途径的手段。最近，研究揭示了组织源性 EV（Ti-EV）的重要性，这种 EV 存在于细胞之间的间隙空间中，因为它们更好地代表了生物学和疾病中复杂的多细胞组织微环境的基本生理学。 EV 是由所有细胞产生的天然脂质双层膜纳米尺寸颗粒，包装有各种功能生物分子，包括蛋白质、脂质和核酸。它们涉及短程和长程细胞通讯，并可能引发受体细胞的功能反应。迄今为止，研究经常利用培养细胞或生物液体作为 EV 的来源，但不能捕获组织微环境的局部分子特征。最近利用 Ti-EV 的工作阐明了疾病的新型生物标志物，并提供了对可能导致新型治疗剂开发的疾病机制的见解。尽管如此，当前的研究仍面临相当大的挑战。这篇综述探讨了 Ti-EV 研究的巨大潜力和独特挑战，并为寻求推进这一令人兴奋的领域的未来研究提供了考虑。