The constantly evolving and growing global health crisis, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), endangers progress in medicine, food production, and life expectancy. Limited data on population-level prevalence, including seasonal and temporal variations, hampers accurate risk assessment for AMR transmission, despite its paramount importance on both global and national fronts. In this study, we used quantitative real-time PCR (q-PCR) to analyze 123 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and 13 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in wastewater of a selected urban community. Sampling was conducted monthly over a 5-month period (December 2021–April 2022) to assess resistance diversity, temporal dynamics, co-abundance of ARGs, MGEs, and resistance mechanisms. Approximately 50% of the tested ARG subtypes were consistently detected in all months, with frequency ranging from 52 to 61% with maximum absolute abundance in the winter months (December and January). In co-abundance analysis, specific genes were clustered into modules, highlighting shared distribution patterns and functional associations among the ARGs and MGEs. Detected clinically significant genes (ndm-1 and cfiA) and other variants (blaoxy, aph, aacC, tet-35, tet M, tet-32) are capable of imparting resistance to 3rd and 4th generation (gen) β-lactam, aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and multidrug classes. These contribute significantly to core/persistent resistance. This study deepens our comprehension of temporal/seasonal fluctuations in ARG and MGE distribution, providing valuable evidence to guide AMR control policies and promote responsible antibiotic/antimicrobial use for preserving effectiveness.

不断演变和加剧的全球健康危机——抗菌素耐药性（AMR），危及医学、食品生产和预期寿命的进步。尽管抗菌素耐药性在全球和国家层面都至关重要，但人口患病率数据有限，包括季节和时间变化，这阻碍了对抗菌素耐药性传播的准确风险评估。在本研究中，我们使用实时定量 PCR (q-PCR) 分析了选定城市社区废水中的 123 个抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 和 13 个移动遗传元件 (MGE)。在 5 个月的时间内（2021 年 12 月至 2022 年 4 月）每月进行一次采样，以评估抗性多样性、时间动态、ARG、MGE 的共丰度和抗性机制。大约 50% 的测试 ARG 亚型在所有月份中均被检测到，频率范围为 52% 至 61%，在冬季（12 月和 1 月）绝对丰度最大。在共丰度分析中，特定基因被聚类成模块，突出显示 ARG 和 MGE 之间的共享分布模式和功能关联。检测到的具有临床意义的基因（ndm-1 和 cfiA）和其他变体（blaoxy、aph、aacC、tet-35、tet M、tet-32）能够赋予对第三代和第四代（gen）β-内酰胺、氨基糖苷类耐药性、四环素和多药类。这些对核心/持久阻力有很大贡献。这项研究加深了我们对 ARG 和 MGE 分布的时间/季节性波动的理解，为指导 AMR 控制政策和促进负责任的抗生素/抗菌药物使用以保持有效性提供了宝贵的证据。