Determinants in the phage life cycle: The dynamic nature of ssDNA phage FLiP and host interactions under varying environmental conditions and growth phases,Environmental Microbiology

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Determinants in the phage life cycle: The dynamic nature of ssDNA phage FLiP and host interactions under varying environmental conditions and growth phases
Environmental Microbiology ( IF 4.3 ) Pub Date : 2024-07-02 , DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16670
Kati Mäkelä ₁ , Elina Laanto ₁ , Lotta-Riina Sundberg ₁

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The influence of environmental factors on the interactions between phages and bacteria, particularly single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) phages, has been largely unexplored. In this study, we used Finnlakevirus FLiP, the first known ssDNA phage species with a lipid membrane, as our model phage. We examined the infectivity of FLiP with three Flavobacterium host strains, B330, B167 and B114. We discovered that FLiP infection is contingent on the host strain and conditions such as temperature and bacterial growth phase. FLiP can infect its hosts across a wide temperature range, but optimal phage replication varies with each host. We uncovered some unique aspects of phage infectivity: FLiP has limited infectivity in liquid‐suspended cells, but it improves when cells are surface‐attached. Moreover, FLiP infects stationary phase B167 and B114 cells more rapidly and efficiently than exponentially growing cells, a pattern not observed with the B330 host. We also present the first experimental evidence of endolysin function in ssDNA phages. The activity of FLiP's lytic enzymes was found to be condition‐dependent. Our findings underscore the importance of studying phage ecology in contexts that are relevant to the environment, as both the host and the surrounding conditions can significantly alter the outcome of phage–host interactions.

中文翻译：

噬菌体生命周期的决定因素：不同环境条件和生长阶段下 ssDNA 噬菌体 FLiP 和宿主相互作用的动态性质

环境因素对噬菌体和细菌之间相互作用的影响，特别是单链 DNA (ssDNA) 噬菌体，在很大程度上尚未得到探索。在本研究中，我们使用芬兰湖病毒FLiP，第一个已知的具有脂质膜的 ssDNA 噬菌体物种，作为我们的模型噬菌体。我们用三种方法检查了 FLiP 的传染性黄杆菌属宿主菌株 B330、B167 和 B114。我们发现 FLiP 感染取决于宿主菌株和温度和细菌生长阶段等条件。 FLiP 可以在很宽的温度范围内感染其宿主，但最佳噬菌体复制因每个宿主而异。我们发现了噬菌体感染性的一些独特方面：FLiP 在液体悬浮细胞中的感染性有限，但当细胞表面附着时，其感染性有所改善。此外，FLiP 比指数生长细胞更快速、更有效地感染稳定期 B167 和 B114 细胞，而在 B330 宿主中未观察到这种模式。我们还首次提出了 ssDNA 噬菌体中内溶素功能的实验证据。研究发现 FLiP 裂解酶的活性具有条件依赖性。我们的研究结果强调了在与环境相关的背景下研究噬菌体生态学的重要性，因为宿主和周围条件都可以显着改变噬菌体与宿主相互作用的结果。

更新日期：2024-07-02

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