Scenarios to stabilize global climate and meet international climate agreements require rapid reductions in human carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, often augmented by substantial carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere. While some ocean-based removal techniques show potential promise as part of a broader CDR and decarbonization portfolio, no marine approach is ready yet for deployment at scale because of gaps in both scientific and engineering knowledge. Marine CDR spans a wide range of biotic and abiotic methods, with both common and technique-specific limitations. Further targeted research is needed on CDR efficacy, permanence, and additionality as well as on robust validation methods—measurement, monitoring, reporting, and verification—that are essential to demonstrate the safe removal and long-term storage of CO2. Engineering studies are needed on constraints including scalability, costs, resource inputs, energy demands, and technical readiness. Research on possible co-benefits, ocean acidification effects, environmental and social impacts, and governance is also required.

中文翻译：

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海洋二氧化碳去除和储存的科学、工程和验证


稳定全球气候和满足国际气候协议的方案需要快速减少人类二氧化碳（CO2）排放，并且通常通过从大气中大量去除二氧化碳（CDR）来增加排放量。虽然一些基于海洋的清除技术显示出作为更广泛的 CDR 和脱碳组合的一部分的潜在前景，但由于科学和工程知识方面的差距，尚未准备好大规模部署海洋方法。海洋 CDR 涵盖广泛的生物和非生物方法，具有常见和特定技术的局限性。需要对 CDR 功效、持久性和额外性以及稳健的验证方法（测量、监测、报告和验证）进行进一步的有针对性的研究，这对于证明二氧化碳的安全去除和长期储存至关重要。需要对可扩展性、成本、资源投入、能源需求和技术准备等限制进行工程研究。还需要对可能的协同效益、海洋酸化效应、环境和社会影响以及治理进行研究。