The rise of the global mean temperature as a consequence of incessant anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, led by CO₂, is one of the direst challenges faced by humankind today. The need of the hour is to minimize fossil fuel usage and capture the atmospheric CO₂. Broadly, the CO₂ mitigation strategies employ carbon capture and storage (CCS) and biological carbon capture and utilization (bio-CCU) technologies. A critical comparative summary of the prevalent CCS and bio-CCU methods has been presented in this study. Among all the CO₂ capture technologies, the microalgal bio-CCU in a biorefinery model is more environment and economy-friendly. Microalgal biorefinery can potentially serve as a platform not only for bio-CCU but also for producing third-generation biofuels and commercially important value-added products as means of wealth generation from waste CO₂. Alongside reducing the world’s reliance on fossil fuels, this approach also directly or indirectly addresses most of the UN’s sustainable development goals (SDGs). To enhance the microalgal CO₂ capture efficiency and consequent biomass productivity, smart bioprocess design and reactor engineering performed by researchers are summarized to understand the progress in this direction. Recent advances, innovations, and existing challenges in the design and development of microalgal cultivation processes and systems, including CO₂ delivery mechanisms, have been critically discussed and assessed in terms of carbon capture efficiency. The futuristic vision for the fourth-generation microalgal biorefinery-based bio-CCU has also been outlined to make some practical recommendations for its successful implementation or adaptation by the thermal power plants and cement industries.

中文翻译：

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微藻碳捕获和利用（bio-CCU）工艺相对于传统碳捕获和封存（CCS）技术的最新进展


以CO ₂为首的人为温室气体(GHG) 持续排放导致全球平均气温上升，是当今人类面临的最严峻的挑战之一。当前的需要是尽量减少化石燃料的使用并捕获大气中的CO ₂ 。一般来说，CO ₂减排策略采用碳捕获和储存（CCS）以及生物碳捕获和利用（bio-CCU）技术。本研究对流行的 CCS 和生物 CCU 方法进行了重要的比较总结。在所有CO ₂捕集技术中，生物精炼模式中的微藻生物CCU更加环保和经济。微藻生物精炼不仅可以作为生物CCU的平台，还可以作为生产第三代生物燃料和商业上重要的增值产品的平台，作为利用废弃CO ₂创造财富的手段。除了减少世界对化石燃料的依赖外，这种方法还直接或间接地实现了联合国的大部分可持续发展目标（SDG）。为了提高微藻CO ₂捕获效率和随后的生物质生产率，总结了研究人员进行的智能生物工艺设计和反应器工程，以了解该方向的进展。微藻培养工艺和系统（包括CO ₂输送机制）的设计和开发的最新进展、创新和现有挑战已在碳捕获效率方面进行了批判性讨论和评估。 还概述了基于第四代微藻生物精炼的生物 CCU 的未来愿景，为其在火电厂和水泥行业的成功实施或适应提出了一些实用建议。