The Holarctic land snail genus Perpolita was used to explore the influence of past and current biogeography on diversification. The number of empirically-supported species was determined using a consensus between mtDNA sequence, nDNA sequence, conchology, and geographic and ecological range with five valid temperate-boreal species (Perpolita binneyana, Perpolita electrina, Perpolita hammonis, Perpolita petronella, and Perpolita radiatella) being recognized. Only P. petronella was unchanged in both nomenclature and diagnostic characteristics with the remainder requiring alterations. Perhaps the most important of these was elevation of P. radiatella to a valid species, with its populations having been previously lumped either under European P. hammonis or North American P. electrina. Divergence times of 18.7–10.0 Mya were suggested through genome-wide SNPs in combination with the fossil record, indicating a pre-Pleistocene origin for all Perpolita species. Using genetically-confirmed diagnostic shell characters, we accumulated > 2000 valid occurrences and used these to estimate appropriate modern and Last Glacial Maximum climate extents for all species. These models suggest that modern intra-specific gene pool diversity may generally reflect Pleistocene palaeoclimatology.

中文翻译：

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全北区 Perpolita 属（腹足纲：腹齿兽科）在深部和浅部时间尺度上的多样化


利用全北极陆地蜗牛 Perpolita 属来探索过去和现在的生物地理对多样化的影响。经验支持的物种数量是通过 mtDNA 序列、nDNA 序列、贝壳学以及地理和生态范围与五种有效温带北方物种（Perpolita binneyana、Perpolita electrina、Perpolita hammonis、Perpolita petronella 和 Perpolita radiatella）之间的共识来确定的。被认可。只有 P. petronella 在命名和诊断特征方面没有变化，其余的需要改变。也许其中最重要的是将辐射 P. radiatella 提升为有效物种，其种群先前被归为欧洲 P. hammonis 或北美 P. electrina。通过全基因组 SNP 与化石记录相结合，得出了 18.7-10.0 Mya 的分歧时间，表明所有 Perpolita 物种都起源于更新世前。利用基因确认的诊断性贝壳特征，我们积累了超过 2000 个有效事件，并利用这些来估计所有物种的适当现代和末次冰期最大气候范围。这些模型表明，现代种内基因库多样性可能总体上反映了更新世古气候学。