Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as efficient electrochemical energy storage devices, have been successfully commercialized. Lithium plating at anodes has been attracting increasing attention as batteries advance toward high energy density and large size, given its pivotal role in affecting the lifespan, safety, and fast-charging performance of LIBs. Lithium plating mostly happens during fast charging or charging at low temperatures. However, external pressure is often overlooked as an essential factor that influences lithium plating in LIBs. This review analyzes and discusses the influence of external pressure on performance for commercial LIBs, with a particular focus on lithium plating. Recent advances in this topic, including experimental results and mechanism analyses, are reviewed. Lithium plating is explored by examining the influence of pressure on the internal morphology and electrochemical behavior of batteries. It is emphasized that external pressure affects performance through ion transport, electron transport, and their heterogeneities, thereby increasing the risk of lithium plating in batteries. Subsequently, the rationale for external pressure mitigating lithium plating is elucidated from the perspective of the morphology optimization inside LIBs. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the role of external pressure on lithium plating in commercial LIBs, practically guiding their rational design and development.

中文翻译：

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洞察商用锂离子电池镀锂外部压力


锂离子电池（LIB）作为高效的电化学储能装置，已成功商业化。随着电池向高能量密度和大尺寸方向发展，阳极镀锂在影响锂离子电池的寿命、安全性和快速充电性能方面发挥着关键作用，因此受到越来越多的关注。镀锂多发生在快充或低温充电时。然而，外部压力作为影响锂离子电池镀锂的一个重要因素常常被忽视。本综述分析并讨论了外部压力对商业锂离子电池性能的影响，特别关注锂电镀。回顾了该主题的最新进展，包括实验结果和机制分析。通过研究压力对电池内部形态和电化学行为的影响来探索镀锂。需要强调的是，外部压力通过离子传输、电子传输及其不均匀性影响性能，从而增加电池中镀锂的风险。随后，从锂离子电池内部形貌优化的角度阐明了减轻外部压力镀锂的原理。总的来说，这篇综述为商业锂离子电池中外部压力对镀锂的作用提供了有价值的见解，切实指导了其合理设计和开发。